Theories of a Leader

This essay will approach types of forefinger such as to hire and see separates, to either reward or punish, to confirm by parting of an organization, and to identify with a draw such as rock or film mortalality. This essay will cover six categories of power and these link with separately early(a) and brings a better focus on theories of power. The functions of lead are many and varied, depending upon the basic problem with a host indwelling pack with, and the type of leading style in action, which is dependent on the attracters basis of power.Power, in the case of attractionship, is divided into six categories, however, wholly(prenominal) apprize be linked with an different, as they are inter-related. Expert and Informational power are reviveed with skills, knowledge and information, of which the holders of such abilities, are able to utilize, to influence others ie technicians and com empowerer individualnel. Reward and Coercive power, differ from the pre viously menti whizd, as they involve the ability to either reward or punish persons be influenced, in order to gain compliance.Legitimate power, is power which has been confirmed by the very role structure of the group or organization itself, and is accept by solely as correct and without dispute, such as in the case of the armed forces or the police force. Referent power, on the other hand, involves those world influenced, identifying with the leader, ie. rock or film personalities using their image to premise the political arena. Most leaders make use of a combination of these six types of power, depending on the leadership style used.Authoritarian leaders, for example, use a mixture of legitimate, coercive and reward powers, to dictate the policies, plans and activities of a group. In comparison, a democratic or participative leader would use mainly referent power, involving all in all constituents of the group in the decision-making process. In my question I have put t hat by the use of meta-analysis uncovers an approach beyond the general focus of theories of leadership. stock-still within the central study of the term possible action, I explore this bind to expand this essay in to a greater extent detail. According to Hunter and Hirsh (1987), some discoveries and advances in cumulative knowledge are no longer being made by those who conduct primary research studies, nevertheless by those who use meta-analysis to uncover the latent meaning of existing literature. In addition, meta-analysis provides the verifiable building blocks for theory since results derived from such analyses indicate what needs to be informed by theory.Although meta-analysis has been criticized for not directly generating theory (Guzzo, Jackson &mKatzell, 1987), the results of meta-analyses are indispensable for theory construction, keeping in mind that theory development is a yeasty process distinct from cumulating results across studies. Nevertheless, there is no re ason that meta-analysis heapnot deal with theory and explanation as well as with description. In fact, efforts sponsored by the Russell Sage Foundations meta-analysis project are designed to move meta-analytic techniques beyond the descriptive into the theory development domain (Russell Sage Foundation, 1991).Leadership itself, has been accompanied end-to-end time, by numerous theories, all claiming to answer the question, Are leaders innate(p)(p) or made? Those who accept the verdict, that leaders are born and not made, maintain, that there are certain inborn qualities such as initiative, courage, parole and humour, which altogether pre-destine a man to be a leader the essential pattern is given at birth (Adler, 1991, p. 4)Two leadership theories which put up on this point, are the Great man/ spectacular woman and theTrait theories. The great man/great woman theory, accordingly to Wrightsman, involves its followers believing that study events, both nationally and internati onally, are influenced by those persons in power. A choppy act by a great man could, according to this theory, veer the fate of the nation (Wrightsman, 1977, p. 638) The trait theory expands further on this conjecture, by concentrating on the personal characteristics of the leader.The theory, which until the mid-1940s formed the basis of most leadership research, cited traits believed to be characteristic of leaders, the list of which grew in length over the years, to include all manner of physical, personality and cognitive factors, including height, intelligence and communication skills. However, few traits emerged to once and for all contrastingiate leaders from non-leaders. The traits an individual has may, increase the probability that a person will become a leader, though whether such leadership is guaranteed, is uncertain.Nevertheless, it lav be seen to be true that some people are to a greater extent than likely than others to assume leadership positions. The research o n trait theories of leadership has channelisen that many other factors are important in determining leader success, and that not every iodine who possesses these traits will be a leader (Adler, 1991, p. 267) As refer in the trait approach to leadership declined, researchers focused their attention on the leaders actions rather than their attri onlyes, which led to the emergence of the behaviourist theories.The most widely tell exponent of this approach was Robert Blake and Jane Moutons Managerial Grid, which attempted to explain that there was one best style of leadership, by various combinations of two factors regarding a concern for production and people. Due to the disillusionment with the fore-mentioned trait theory, the situational approach suggested that the traits required of a leader differed, according to varying situations.The situational approach, which predominated in the 1950s, held that whether a given person became a leader of a group, had nothing to do with his/he r personality, but had everything to do with such factors as the flow of events and circumstances surrounding a group. To put it simply, the leader was a person who was in the right place at the right time. Rather than a great man causing a great event to happen, the situational approach claims that great events are the product of diachronic forces that are gong to happen hether specific leaders are resign or not (Adair, 1984, p. 8)Unfortunately, this theory still didnt answer, why one member of a group emerged as the leader, rather than another, or why one particular leader proved to be a better leader in some situations than another. The emergence of a related theory, the interactionist approach, attempted to explain the existing anomalies. The interactionist theory proposed that both the characteristics of the individual, and the situation in which the group build itself, accounted for whom would become the leader.Resulting from this theory, was the view that leaders are both born and made, ascribable to the leader requiring certain abilities and skill, but as the situation and the needs of the group changed, so to the person acceptable as leader changed. Developing such abilities and skills requires no position of authority but does require commission to self, commitment to the organization and its employees, action, and thoughtful, on-going self-assessment. Such a program of personal development, ideally begun as a part of the formal education process, can assist importantly in detecting how to influence others, up, down, and across the organization.Thus, one can learn how to become what Cohen (1990) has called an uncrowned leader, a person who exerts influence over others but lacks positional authority. It takes many hours of research to provide a strong research paper however this essay touches only the surface. The functions of a Leader are many and varied. Its hard to say the one theory is better than the other because as my research shows, it takes more than one approach to accomplish a task with overall proficiency. From upper management to the first line supervisor, each situation, each environment, and each group of people requires a different approach.In some circumstances a leader is considered to be a leader only if he/she knows the organizational structure well and knows how to execute a plan. By reviewing the theories of the previously mentioned theories, the term leader doesnt necessarily mean he/she is a leader. Therefore a leader can have more than one meaning and the theories of leadership may need to be more refined. However this essay focuses more on the standard process of assignment of a leader and the theories that identify such. If a leader is trainable to understand that different approaches are needed for different situations, because a leader can succeed.However if a born leader hasnt had the exposure to an array of situations, then he/she will not be effective. It stands to reason regarding a lead er is born is that a leader may be born but if that person isnt exposed to an array to various situations and factors, then that born leader will become a failure. However I agree a leader may be born and a follower is a follower but a follower can influence other followers especially if that person has charisma such as wiser experience, polished education, and mature personality.So a leader may be born but a follower by my own experience Ive seen followers who are leaders and assist leaders to perform their best. Therefore sometimes a leader and follower can complement each other thus strengthening the environment and or situation. Therefore my own observations show that there are ranks of leaders and ranks of followers. Each side of the line can have leadership. Theories are many but now that we have all these theories, it may appear that we need more research to better pull in the leaders not recognized by the standard approach.