Cell Injury and Cell Death

Common bio chemic themes be important to understanding cellular phoneph champion wounding and cell death regardless of the injuring agent (Heuther & McCance, 2012). electric cellular injury arises when a cell is unable to sustain homeostasis. The injury suffer be change if the cell notify recover from whatever damage was done just if it does not recover the cell will die. The three common craps of cell injury are hypoxic injury, free radicals and unstable atomic number 8 species injury, and chemical injury.The nearly common form of cell injury is hypoxic injury, or hypoxia, the deficiency of becoming oxygen. Ischemia is the most common cause of weave hypoxia and is caused from a lessen in blood flow. Hypoxia give the gate also be caused by a reduced amount of oxygen in the air, loss of hemoglobin, diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular strategys, and decreased production of red blood cells. Cardiac ischemia is one of the most recognizable forms of hypoxic injury and is caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries of the heart.Once the blood flow to heart tissue decreases or dough completely, the heart tissue is damaged and can lead to further complications including a myocardial infarction. Another form of cell injury is free radicals and reactive oxygen species. An important mechanism of cellular injury is injury bring on by free radicals, especially by reactive oxygen species (ROS) this form of injury is called oxidative stress (Heuther and McCance, 2012). Free radicals are produced by cells and are crucial to normal cellular metabolism.Free radicals can form dam senescence chemical bonds with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The most commonly defined free radicals are the reactive oxygen species (ROS) which contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and are linked to many human diseases and the aging process. According to a holistic physician, Dr. Jill Marjama-Lyons, oxidative stress is one of the wind theories as to what mig ht cause dopamine cell death in Parkinsons disease (2003). Chemical injury is the final form of cell injury.About 4 billion pounds of toxic chemicals are released per year in the United States. Of these, approximately 72 million pounds are known carcinogens (Heuther and McCance, 2012). We are frequently exposed to xenobiotics, a variety of compounds that include toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals. These chemicals can react with cellular macromolecules, such and proteins and DNA, or can react straightway with cell structures to cause cell damage (Heuther and McCance, 2012).Tissue damage caused by xenobiotics can lead to organ and systemic toxicity,mutations, and cancer. Lead , a heavy metal found in the environment, is a chemical highly toxic to children. The word-painting primarily effects the nervous system, the hematopoietic system, and the kidneys. Lead exposure can result in learning disorders, hyperactivity, and attention problems if exposure is too high. Cell inju ry occurs when a cell is unable to sustain homeostasis. Maintaining homeostasis within the dust is vital to prevent serious complications and death. Cell injury forms include hypoxic injury, chemical injury and oxidative stress.Hypoxia is the insufficiency of oxygen, without oxygen the body cannot keep its tissue healthy and that can lead to tissue death and organ system failure. Unfortunately, due to the 4 billion pounds of toxic chemicals released into the environment each year, chemical injury is common and hard to avoid. Chemicals can be found the air, the fodder we eat and the water we drink. Exposure and a reaction to the exposure depends on an individuals health. Cell injury can be transposed but it must happen quickly to prevent lasting complications or cell death.