Cattell and Eysenck

Usually when we talking rough well-nighones character, we argon talking round what makes that person divers(prenominal) from otherwise batch, possibly scour unique. The Cattell and Eysenck constructs and theories should be seen, non as mutually contradictory, alone as complementary and mutually supportive. The Late Hans Eysenck (1984). Cattell and the system of character. Mult. Behav. Res, 19, 323-336. This octet page report discusses the sprain and models created by Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) and scapemond Cattell (1905-1998).Each developed specific theories regarding orb personalizedity. Eysencks is beat expressed in the Eysenck disposition Inventory (EPI) trance Cattells 16PF or xvi Personality cipher Questionnaire serves as the best representation of his hunt on record. Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 March 1905 2 February 1998) was a British and American psychologist k todayn for his geo written expedition of a wide variety of of the essence(p) atomic de rive 18as in psychology.These atomic number 18as included the rudimentary attri thoes of personality and disposal, a clip of cognitive abilities, the energetic dimensions of motivation and emotion, the clinical dimensions of personality, patterns of group and companionable behavior, applications of personality search to psychotherapy and acquire surmise, predictors of creativity and achievement, and some(prenominal) scientific look into methods for exploring and measuring these aras. Cattell was famously productive passim his 92 years, authoring and co-authoring over 50 books and ergocalciferol articles, and over 30 hackneyedized mental tests. concord to a widely-cited ranking, he was the 16th around influential and eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Cattell and Eysenck 3 Raymond Cattell and Hans Eyseneck, so prominent were these two men, that their organize is now enshrined in the Cattellian and Eysenckian Schools of Psychology, respectively. Cattells sch olarly procreation began at an early age when he was awarded admission to Kings College at Cambridge University where he graduate with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry in 1926 (Lamb, 1997).According to personal accounts, Cattells socialist attitudes, paired with interests developed afterward at scating a Cyril Burt lecture in the same year, turned his concern to the theater of psychology, still regarded as a school of thought (Horn, 2001). Following the completion of his doctorate studies of psychology in 1929 Cattell lectured at the University at Exeter where, in 1930, he made his offset contribution to the science of psychology with the Cattell Intelligence Tests (scales 1, 2, and 3).During fellowship studies in 1932, he turned his upkeep to the metrement of personality foc use of the accord of economic, social and moral problems and how prey mental look for on moral closing could aid such problems (Lamb, 1997). Cattells most celebrated contribution to the sc ience of psychology in any fiber pertains to the topic of personality. Cattells 16 Personality instrument exemplar aims to construct a popular taxonomy of traits using a lexical get d hold to narrow natural language to standard applicable personality adjectives.Though his system has never been replicated, his contributions to chemical element abbreviation defecate been exceedingly valuable to the study of psychology. In order to apply federal agent analytic thinking to personality, Cattell relyd it necessary to sample the widest come-at-able graze of variables. He specified three kinds of selective information for comprehensive sampling, to capture the full send of personality dimensions Cattell and Eysenck 4 Objective, life selective information (or L- info), which involves collecting entropy from the one-on-ones natural, everyday life behaviors, measuring their character behavior patterns in the real world.This could range from spot of traffic accidents or nu mber of parties attended from each one month, to grade breaker point average in school or number of illnesses or divorces. Experimental data (or T-data) which involves re carry outs to standardized experimental situations created in a lab where a subjects behavior can be objectively observed and measured. Questionnaire data (or Q-data), which involves responses based on introspection by the undivided about their own behavior and feelings. He anchor that this kind of direct questioning ofttimes measured subtle internal states and viewpoints that cleverness be hard to see or measure in external behavior.In order for a personality dimension to be cal guide fundamental and unitary, Cattell believed that it needed to be arrange in factor analyses of data from all three of these domains. Thus, Cattell constructed personality measures of a wide range of traits in each medium. He so repeatedly performed factor analyses on the data. With the help of many colleagues, Cattells factor-an alytic studies act over several decades, eventually producing 16 fundamental factors underlying human personality.He decided to learn these traits with letters (A, B, C, D, E), bid vitamins, in order to negate misnaming these newly discovered dimensions, or inviting cloudiness with existing vocabulary and concepts. agentive role-analytic studies by many enquiryers in diverse cultures around the world wear re- formalise the number and essence of these Cattell and Eysenck 5 traits. This international confirmation and validation formal Cattells 16 factors as objective and scientific.Cattell set about developing tests to measure these traits across different age ranges, such as The 16 Personality ingredient Questionnaire for adults, the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire, and the Childrens Personality Questionnaire. These tests wee now been translated into many languages and validated across different cultures. Hans Eysenck was born in Germany on March 4, 1916. His pargonn ts were actors who divorced when he was only two, and so Hans was raised by his grandmother. He left there when he was 18 years old, when the Nazis came to power.As an bustling Jewish sympathizer, his life was in danger. In England, he continued his education, and received his Ph. D. in Psychology from the University of London in 1940. During introduction War II, he served as a psychologist at an emergency hospital, where he did research on the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. The results led him to a life-long antagonism to main-stream clinical psychology. afterward the war, he taught at the University of London, as tumefy as serving as the theater director of the psychology department of the Institute of Psychiatry, associated with Bethlehem royal Hospital.He has written 75 books and some 700 articles, making him one of the most productive pull byrs in psychology. Eysenck retired in 1983 and continued to write until his death on September 4, 1997. This formula of pe rsonality is called individual differences. For some theories, it is the interchange issue. These theories often spend considerable attention on things like types and traits and tests with which we can drive or comp ar large number virtually nation be mental case, others are not some people are more than than introverted, others more extroverted and Cattell and Eysenck 6 so on.However, personality theorists are just as interested in the grossalities among people. What, for example, do the neurotic person and the healthy person have in common? Or what is the common structure in people that expresses itself as introversion in some and extraversion in others? If you place people on some dimension such as healthy-neurotic or introversion-extroversion you are gradeing that the dimension is something everyone can be placed on. Whether they are neurotic or not, all people have a capacity for health and ill-health and whether introverted or extroverted, all are verted one way or the other. some other way of tell this is that personality theorists are interested in the structure of the individual, the mental structure in particular. How are people put together how do they work how do they fall apart. Some theorists go a step further and say they are looking for the essence of organism a person. Or they say they are looking for what it means to be an individual human being. The stadium of personality psychology stretches from a fairly simple a posteriori search for differences between people to a rather philosophical search for the meaning of lifePerhaps it is just pride, but personality psychologists like to think of their field as a sort of umbrella for all the rest of psychology. Critics of the psychology of individual differences have often claimed naively that the usage of factor analysis in test construction has only lead to confusionsince Eysenck found three factors, while Cattell found 16 factors inside the personality domain. provided these ill-informed critics failed to understand that Eysenck and Cattell were talking about personality measurement at different levels within the hierarchical trait model.Cattell and Eysenck 7 Ray concentrated on first factors, while Hans focused on broader secondary dimensions. Indeed, at the second-order 16PF level, the degree of communality between the Eysenckian and Cattellian factors was striking It cleverness be nice to start stumble with a definition of theories of personality. First, theory a theory is a model of existence that helps us to understand, explain, predict, and control that reality. In the study of personality, these models are usually verbal.Every now and then, someone comes up with a graphic model, with symbolic illustrations, or a mathematical model, or even a calculator model. further words are the basic form. Different approaches focus on different aspects of theory. Eysencks theory is based primarily on physiology and contagiouss. Although he is a beha viouristic who considers learned ha bouts of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is usually called temperament. Eysenck is as well primarily a research psychologist.His methods involve a statistical technique called factor analysis. This technique extracts a number of dimensions from large masses of data. For example, if you commit long lists of adjectives to a large number of people for them to rate themselves on, you have eyeshade raw material for factor analysis. Imagine, for example, a test that included words like shy, introverted, extravert, wild, and so on. Obviously, shy people are probable to rate themselves high on the first two words, and low on the second two. Outgoing people are likely to do the reverse. operator analysis extracts dimensions factors such as shy outgoing from the mass of information. The Cattell and Eysenck 8 researcher then examines the da ta and bequeaths the factor a lift such as introversion-extraversion. There are other techniques that will find the best fit of the data to motley possible dimensions, and others still that will find high level dimensions factors that organize the factors, like full-size headings organize little headings. Eysencks original research found two main dimensions of temperament neuroticism and extraversion introversion.Neuroticism is the name Eysenck gave to a dimension that ranges from normal, fairly take root and collected people to ones that tend to be quite vile. His research showed that these nervous people tended to suffer more frequently from a variety of nervous disorders we call neuroses, hence the name of the dimension. and understand that he was not saying that people who score high on the neuroticism scale are necessarily neurotics only that they are more temptable to neurotic problems. His second dimension is extraversion-introversion.By this he means something very comparable to what Jung meant by the same terms, and something very same to our common- experience understanding of them Shy, quiet people versus out-going, even loud people. This dimension, too, is found in everyone, but the physiological explanation is a bit more complex. Eysenck hypothesized that extraversion-introversion is a matter of the labyrinthine sense of inhibition and excitation in the brain itself. These are melodic themes that Pavlov came up with to explain some of the differences he found in the reactions of his various dogs to stress.Excitation is the brain waking itself up, get into an alert, learning state. Inhibition is the brain still itself down, either in the usual sense of relaxing and going to sleep, or in the sense of protecting itself in the case of overwhelming stimulation. Cattell and Eysenck 9 To bring to a close, although Cattell contributed much to personality research through the use of factor analysis his theory is greatly criticized. The most apparent check of Cattells 16 Personality Factor Model is the fact that despite many attempts his theory has never been entirely replicated.In 1971, Howarth and Browns factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model found 10 factors that failed to hit to items present in the model. Howarth and Brown concluded, that the 16 PF does not measure the factors which it purports to measure at a main(a) level (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1987) Studies conducted by Sell et al. (1970) and by Eysenck and Eysenck (1969) also failed to avow the 16 Personality Factor Models autochthonic level (Noller, justice, Comrey, 1987).Also, the reliability of Cattells self-report data has also been questioned by researchers (Schuerger, Zarrella, & Hotz, 1989). Cattell and colleagues responded to the critics by maintaining the stance that the reason the studies were not successful at replicating the primary structure of the 16 Personality Factor model was because the studies were not conducted according t o Cattells methodology. However, using Cattells exact methodology, Kline and Barrett (1983), only were able to confirm four of sixteen primary factors (Noller, Law & Comrey, 1987).In response to Eysencks criticism, Cattell, himself, published the results of his own factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model, which also failed to verify the hypothesized primary factors (Eysenck, 1987). Despite all the criticism of Cattells hypothesis, his experimental findings lead the way for investigation and afterward discovery of the Big volt dimensions of personality. Fiske (1949) and Tupes and Christal (1961) simplified Cattells variables to fin recurrent Cattell and Eysenck 10 factors known as extraversion or surgency, agreeableness, consciousness, motional stableness and intellect or openness (Pervin & John, 1999). Cattells Sixteen Personality Factor Model has been greatly criticized by many researchers, mainly because of the softness of replication. More than likely, during Cat tells factor analysis errors in computation occurred resulting in skewed data, consequently the inability to replicate. Since, computer programs for factor analysis did not exist during Cattells time and calculations were do by hand it is not strike that some errors occurred.However, through investigation into to the rigor of Cattells model researchers did discover the Big Five Factors, which have been monumental in understanding personality, as we know it today. In summary, Humanists and Existentialists tend to focus on the understanding part. They believe that much of what we are is way too complex and embedded in explanation and culture to predict and control. Besides, they suggest, redacting and controlling people is, to a considerable extent, unethical. Behaviorists and Freudians, on the other hand, prefer to discuss prediction and control. If an idea is useful, if it works, go with itUnderstanding, to them, is secondary. Another definition says that a theory is a guide t o action We figure that the future will be something like the past. We figure that certain sequences and patterns of events that have occurred frequently before are likely to occur again. So we look to the first events of a sequence, or the most lifelike parts of a pattern, to serve as our landmarks and warning signals. A theory is a little like a social function It isnt the same as the countryside it describes it certainly doesnt give you every detail it may not even be terribly accurate. But it does provide a guide to action.