Alcoholic beverage Essay Example for Free

Alcoholic crapulence Es tellThe objectives of the discipline was to examine if inlet of downpour drink affect students academic per melodic lineance, to determine if inhalation of alcoholic drinkic drink come on v adenosine monophosphateer , to determine whether the consumption of alcohol submit to r egresse accidents and also to determine whether telly look ups of dipsomaniac drinkings tinge to increase consumption. The target population of the resume included on the whole students pursuing Bachelor of Science psychological science programme in the University of Cape marge. A s adenosine monophosphatele size of 79 was chosen for the take in. The simple haphazard sampling method was adopted in selecting the sample. Questionnaire was the main instru ment subroutined to seek answers to query questions.The cool data was analysed using frequency count and percentages. The sireings show that, alcohol in regard has adverse impact on students academic per con ca useationance with absenteeism, indulgence in examination malpractices and limited study hours. Alcohol consumption make men confident and women accept proposals easily. Also rummy driving was a major cook of accident in gold coast since drunken drivers fl forth road traffic regulations. It was recommended that, the Motor Traffic beguile Unit of the Ghana Police Service and the Driver Vehicle License Authority should intensify the electioneering to curb drunk driving.Drivers entrap guilty of drunk driving should be banned from driving or reserve their license withdrawn for three months. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWords alone bear non convey our profound indebtedness to our dynamic supervisor, prof Rowland A. E. Iheanacho for his fatherly tutelage, affability, time and the invaluable support he provided in the course of this work. To just say we notify these individuals will be an understatement Ms. Mary Adomah Yeboah, Mr. Patrick Duncun Reynold (TOR), Mr. Osei Yaw Boa- Korang(Twifo Pra so Rural Bank), Mr. Evans K. Acheampong, and Ms. Dorothy Gabben- Mensah (UCC), Mr. Stephen Doh-Fia (LecturerDepartment of Educational Foundations). We be really gratifying for every assistance you rendered to bring this work to fruition. 1 / 18 To our supportive p arnts,Mr. Ransford Oti Fenteng, Mr. Benjamin Asare and Ms, Rose Konamah, we say God bless you all for your prayers, care, encouragement, motivation, ideas, thoughtfulness, deeds of kindness and for every helping hand you offered in the whole step of love to make this piece a possibility. Lastly, kudos to all friends and all who contributed in diverse slipway to make this work a masterpiece. DEDICATIONThis work is dedicated, with love, to our parents and siblings.PAGEREF _Toc356649042 h 28Table 13 Do drunken pedestrians cause insecurity to themselves and opposite road users? PAGEREF _Toc356649043 h 28Table 14 Do drunk drivers alike speeding? PAGEREF _Toc356649044 h 29Table 15 Drunken pedestrians do not flout road tra ffic regulation PAGEREF _Toc356649045 h 29Table 16 Do drunken drivers drive recklessly? PAGEREF _Toc356649046 h 30Table 17 Have you watched any spirituous drinking signify on video recording before? PAGEREF _Toc356649047 h 30Table 18 Do television system meets influence you to buy the mathematical fruit?PAGEREF _Toc356649048 h 31 LIST OF FIGURES TOC h z c Figure Figure 1 sex PAGEREF _Toc356649237 h 20Figure 2 Age range PAGEREF _Toc356649238 h 21 CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONBackground to the study (Bovee, 1992 p. 7) defines advertising as a non-personal communication of inorganization usually paid for and persuasive in nature n earliest ingatherings, services or ideas by an identified sponsor. From this definition, one burn see that advertisings are placed on purpose. This is a three-tier which comprises of introducing a harvest-time, generating new customers and attempting to stimulate and sustain consumer consumption (Bovee, 1992 p. 9).Since the invention of television, it abide be classified as one of the to the spicyest degree impelling carriers of adverts due to its audio-visual qualities and captivating nature. Its effectiveness cannot be everywhere emphasized reference book Ebb07 l 1033 (Ebbrecht, 2007). Recently, the adverts of alcoholic beverages on al around all television stations in Ghana fetch been regular, persuading viewers to purchase much(prenominal)(prenominal) drinks without any recourse. at that place seems to be no programme on television without a brand of alcohol being a sponsor. Programmes ranging from prime-time news to live shows are all wide-eyed of these types of sponsors.The names of some drinks demand become common in our variant homes and every child who has the perk of watching television can mention not less than two alcoholic beverages advertised. It is also arouse to note that, names of some alcoholic drinks even give an impression of its benefit to the consumer before they are even purchased. Example is , wo ba ada anaa when literally translated means is your child asleep makes batch trust when you drink that beverage you can be sexually active.In Ghana majority of people who take alcoholic beverage especially, the distilled or locally manufactured ones use it as an appetizer believing that, you can eat well when it is taken the moment food is ready, though thither has not been any study confirming or rejecting this assertion. This phenomenon is locally referred to as ye bu didi thus we drink to eat, when literally translated. Many people in the democracy are more(prenominal) than concerned about the rise in the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and shoot attributed this phenomenon to the indiscriminate adverts of alcoholic drinks in the media, especially on all the television stations in the country.They have even speculated that, the increase in road accidents in the country is due to drunk driving. This speculation from the commonplace was confirmed by the Ministry of R oads and Highways in June, 2009 when it issued a underwrite on the increasing rate of road accidents in the country and pointed out drunk driving as one of the topmost causes of road accidents reference Myj09 l 1033 (My joy online , 2009). This led to anti drunk driving campaign where passengers were advised not to visiting card cars of drunken drivers and to breed such(prenominal) drivers to the police.The MTTU branch of the Ghana police service, as one of the measures of curbing drunk driving, randomly check the jot of drivers to determine their level of alcohol white plague with their equipment known as breath analyzer or drunkometer. Any driver whose level of alcohol intake exceeds certain limit is arrested for effectual action.The Food and Drugs Board (FDB) credit entry Foo05 l 1033 (Board, 2005) had also acted towards curbing this problem by directing all media houses in the country to stop the advertising of 3 / 18 all uncertified alcoholic products. Moreover, the FDB s guidelines on alcoholic beverage adverts (FDB GL05/AD ALC/1-2005) stated that, For every alcohol advert appearing on television, an anti-alcohol advert of equal space must be visionary within half an hour of the advert promoting the alcoholic beverage- but it seems this has been seriously violated over the eld.The 2010 Budget Statement delivered in sevens by the Minister of finance, imposed a 10% Ad Valorem tax on all alcoholic products in the country. In explaining this, the Minister made it clear that the imposition of this tax on alcoholic products was not for its financial benefits to the government but rather a step towards reducing the problem of alcoholism. Pastor (Dr. )Mensah Otabil, the widely distributed Overseer of the International Central Gospel Church (I.C. G. C. ) and the Chancellor of the Central University College is one of the persons to be fright at both the rate of alcoholic beverages advertisement in the media especially television and the rate of consum ption. CITATION Sam03 l 1033 (Awuku, 2003) Has argued that, If the state can spend billions of Cedis on advertisement urging the youth to keep by from drugs such as cocaine and different prohibited drugs, why can we not use a fraction of such money to warn the youth against the consumption of alcohol? The above instances mean that, people are dissatisfied about the rate of television advertisement of alcoholic beverages and expect the state to tempt it, thus more specifically to treat alcoholic beverages as it does to cigarette and cocaine so that it can reduce consumption. This means that some people also believe that the state has not done decent to curb the rise in alcoholism and that the problem should be put in the same positioning as any form of drug abuse in the country. This study assesses the effect of television advertisement of alcoholic beverages on consumer behaviour.Statement of the problem In contemporary times, television advertisement has been seen as the most effective mode of advertising because of its audio-visual qualities and captivating nature. Its effectiveness cannot be over emphasised (Ebbrecht, 2007 p. 3). A juvenile systematic review to assess the impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on future youthful alcohol use identified thirteen longitudinal studies that followed up a total of over 38,000 early people. Twelve of the thirteen studies concluded an impact of exposure on subsequent alcohol use, including initiation of intoxication and heavier drinking amongst existing drinkers, with a dose response relationship in all studies that reported such exposure and analysis.For example, CITATION Ell05 l 1033 (Ellickson, Collins, Hambarsoomains, amp McCaffrey, 2005) examined the relationship among a range of advertisement exposures over the course of one year and subsequent drinking among US adolescents aged 12 to 13 years followed-up for at least two years, and assessed whether exposure to a prevention programme mitig ated any such relationship. Forty eight percent of 1206 degree 7 non-drinkers consumed alcohol during the previous year at grade 9.The results of the longitudinal studies are consistent with the findings of econometric studies, in which, for example, a meta-analysis of 132 studies which provided 322 estimated advertising elasticities, found a irresponsible impact of advertising on consumption (coefficient, 0. 029), when controlling for alcohol price and income. The recent increase in television advert of alcoholic beverages has led to the increase in the consumption of such products.In Ghana there is influx of adverts of alcoholic beverages on television. These indiscriminate adverts of alcoholic beverages on television have sparked usual outcry over the years with some even attributing most of road accidents to such adverts as galore(postnominal) people believe that these adverts lead to irresponsible drinking, like drunk driving.These fears of the existence gained grounds whe n a report released by the Ministry of Roads and Highways in June, 2009 on the increasing material body of road accidents in the country at the time confirmed drunk driving (alcohol abuse) as one of the topmost causes of road accidents CITATION Myj09 l 1033 (My joy online , 2009). The situation has prompted the government to reduce the rate of consumption by imposing 10% ad valorem tax on all alcoholic products in the 2010 budget statement presented by the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning. 4 / 18.The proliferated television adverts of alcoholic beverages also sparked the FDB to place a ban on alcoholic beverage adverts on television in March, 2007. The Driver Vehicle License Authority (DVLA) has spelt out how drunk drivers should behave, by leaving your car at the point you got drunk and join a public transport home. Due to the aforementioned problems and interventions, it is significant for such a study to be conducted to find out the effect of television advertisement of alcoholic beverages on consumer behaviour. Objectives of the study General objectiveThe overall objective of the study was to assess the effect of television advertisement of alcoholic beverages on consumer behaviour.Specific objectivesTo determine whether alcoholic beverage adverts leads to increase consumption. To examine if consumption of alcoholic beverages affect students academic performance. To determine if the consumption of such drinks promote to dally. To determine how consumption of alcoholic drinks leads to road accident. Research questionsThe study poses and attempts to answer the following questions What effect does alcohol consumption have on students academic performance? Does alcoholic beverage consumption promote flirting?Does consumption alcoholic beverage lead to road accident? Does television adverts on alcoholic beverages lead to increase consumption? Significance of the study Since advertising is important to the promotion of goods and services in right aw ays competitive market, the implications of this study will help students to know the impact of alcoholic beverage consumption on their academic performance. The government in performing its role of formulating policies and enacting laws to regulate alcoholic beverages adverts in the country can use this document as a reference guide.Finally, the study will be recyclable to look intoers who will in future undertake similar study as it will serve as a source of reference. Scope of the study The scope of the study covers the theoretical and the geographic dimensions of the study. This mainly covers the concepts of advertising, alcoholic beverages and consumer behaviour. The effect of television advertisement of alcoholic beverages could be viewed from many perspectives but for the purpose of this study, it will shorten mainly on whether advertising leads to increase consumption and consumption affect students academic performance, promote flirting and causes road accidents.The geo graphical scope covers people in cape coast precisely University of Cape Coast students who are 18 years and above. Limitations The study is not devoid of challenges which might affect the result in one way or the other. There is the issue of time constraint since the period within which this research must be completed for submission was less than one academic year. Also, there were financial constraints because there was no financial assistance to aid in the study. This situation forced us to limit the geographical area of the study to only University of Cape Coast which forms a small part of the entire geographical area. Also the number of questionnaires to be used for the study was very few.Organisation of study This study has been nonionised in five chapters. Chapter one covers various areas of the introduction which include the background to the study, the statement of the research problem, the objectives of the study, research questions, the significance of the study as well as the scope and the organization of the study. Chapter two covers the review of connect studies. Chapter three is the methodology used for the study which comprises of research design, population, sample and sampling techniques or methods, data accumulation methods and instruments, as well as data analysis.Chapter four covers the discussions of the findings and presentations with chapter five covering the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study. CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEWIntroduction In this chapter, various literatures are reviewed to give an insight into the present study. This chapter will be written under the following sub-titles concept of television advertising, television advertising and consumption of alcoholic beverages, alcohol and students academic performance, alcohol consumption and sexual risk of infection 5 / 18 taking.Concept of Television Advertising Television advertising is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organizati on or an individual, which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately possess television networks. The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes. Advertisements of this sort have been used to promote a wide concoction of goods, services and ideas since the dawn of television.(Health, 2009) asserted that, television engagement is mainly of the subconscious kind and it is effective at building strong brands, due to the low attention to television adverts, the emotional stimuli are more effective because the viewer does not notice and therefore counter-argues against them. (Unsal amp Yuksel, 1984) state that advertised products generally are to find more favour in consumers eyes than unadvertised ones. (Galbraith, 1958) examined that advertising as manipulating the public by creating a rtificial take and wants. He did much to popularize the understanding of economics and society.Aspects of advertising that received emphasis in other fields is persuasion (psychology) regulation (political science) gender, race and class (sociology, cultural studies, and culture (anthropology). (Williams, L. M, amp H, 2003) focus on the institutionalization and professionalization of advertising that is its commercial functions and its persuasive force. As a social critic, he locates advertising in a social context of use. For him, advertising belongs to a particular historical moment. It is a part of modern capitalist society, and it distinguishes it from attention- grabbing devices in non-capitalist societies in other times and places.For Williams, advertising cannot be decoupled from the way it comes into being and the work it does in society. He drew attention to sponsorship of art in modern times. His definition said advert is the semiofficial art of capitalist society. (Di amond, July,1972) defined advertising as a form of communication intended to warp its viewers, readers or listeners to take some action. It usually includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, persuade potential customers to purchase or consume that particular brand. mercantile advertisers seek to generate increase consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate associate qualities with the brand in the mind of consumers. agree to CITATION Dar09 l 1033 (Darrin, 2009), television depends on advertising as a way of making earn and to cover up the cost of the shows being aired. Conversely, television has been and is now a good medium for permit advertisers reach a large audience to promote and raise sense of their products.Despite the availability of other medium of advertising, television remains one of the most popular and cost effective avenues for reaching the advertisers goal. There are a lot of reasons behind every advert which include the following to create awareness of the existence of a product, to persuade potential targets to buy the product, encourage the public to buy more of the product than previously, to convince the public that its product is superior to other products, create image and goodwill, building up assertion in a business, identifies a business with the goods and service it offer.Forms of Television Advertising There are various forms which can be effectively used in advertising. Mentioned below are the various forms of television advertising. declaration in this form, the announcer appears before the camera and conveys the message of the product or service of the advertiser. Examples include announcements regarding the extended consider of sale, gift scheme, concession rates. Slides this is where only the visual image of the commercial is presented through slides or cards on television, which does not have motion and sound.This form is generally found in local and regional programmes. here(predicate) the pictures of the product being advertised appear at the bottom of the 6 / 18 television. Demonstration this form of television advertising shows the skills through dramatised demonstration to emphasise how a particular product works. The demonstrator or announcer gives explanation on how the product is being used. Advertisements of products such as detergents and blood tonics widely use this form. Dramatized it is the ordinarily used form of advertisement which is more persuasive and entertaining in nature.Advertisements of the importance of social issues like girl child education and immunization use this form of television advertising. Animated commercial this form of television commercial involves cartoon technique. It is more time consuming and this makes it very expensive because the cost of an advert depends on its length. For instance the advert isements on family planning used this technique. Sponsorship this is where a sponsor (a person who purchases a effrontery amount of broadcast time or advertising space to tell you why you should buy his or her product. There are two types of means to get the sponsorers message across direct and indirect.This form of television advertising is very common in Ghana because every programme being aired on our television station has more than one sponsor, the sponsors products are advertised once or in two ways during the show. Television advertising and Alcoholic Beverage Consumption. The potential underlying mechanisms for a direct joining between alcohol advert portrayals and individual alcohol use are related to norm setting, habit formation and imitation. First, movies, soap operas and advertisements mostly portray substances in a positive way by using prototypes of the exemplar person in an appealing context CITATION Eve98 l 1033 (Everett, R. L, amp J. L, 1998).Similar findings have been found elsewhere, such as CITATION McC08 l 1033 (McCreano, Barnes, Borell, Kaiwai, amp Gregory, 2008) who interviewed youth and found that alcohol advertising was a lot enjoyed. These advertisements established a climate or association that alcohol is cool, exciting and fun. CITATION McC08 l 1033 (McCreano, Barnes, Borell, Kaiwai, amp Gregory, 2008) concluded that alcohol advertising creates an environment which maintains unhealthy expectations, norms and behaviours around alcohol consumption.Secondly, when people associate a specific cue or event to a specific behavioural pattern, example, watching an advert where the intake of alcohol led to admired behaviour like bravery. In essence, the alcohol cues imbedded in this specific context might lead to direct responses thus craving and subsequent alcohol use, especially when this link becomes automatic.Also, alcohol cues in adverts and watching characters consuming alcohol on screen might lead to drinking through the mechani sm of imitation. (Quigley amp Collins, 1999) conducted a study which strongly supported the assumption that when people are in company of a drinker, the drinking pace of the other affects individual drinking rates. According to (Quigley amp Collins, 1999) there are at least two reasons why this effect occurs direct imitation and identification.There is a great deal of prove from neuroscience and psychology showing that people automatically and unconsciously are fit out to take over each others behaviour. When we observe someone perform a certain action, the premotor office of that action is activated in our brains as we are about to perform that action ourselves. The presentation of alcohol in the media has received both scrutiny and criticism.As a result of this, researchers begun to explore the effect of such adverts on consumption. Correlation study indicates that media exposure is associated with the attitudes, perceptions and behavior of young people. A study conducted by (T urker, 1985), involving high inform males indicated that viewers who watched a great deal of television had significantly higher levels of alcohol use per month than did viewers who watched comparatively less television. (McCreano, Barnes, Borell, Kaiwai, amp Gregory, 2008) also conducted a study to find the link between television think and alcohol consumption.The study followed participants over several years. Respondents were queried about their television viewing habits at ages thirteen and fifteen and their alcohol consumption at age eighteen. They found that, the more television the effeminate subjects watched overall at ages thirteen 7 / 18 and fifteen, the greater were their reported alcohol beverage consumption at age eighteen. For males there was no significant relationship between viewing at ages thirteen and fifteen and consumption at age eighteen.(Grube amp Wallack, 1994) interviewed fifth and sixth grade students about their awareness of alcohol advertising and thei r perceptions, attitudes, and behavioural intentions regarding alcohol consumption. They reported that the more aware students were of alcohol advertisements, the more positive their beliefs about alcohol drinking. More positive beliefs about alcohol were associated with indications of likelihood to drink as an adult. Alcohol and students academic performance Cognitive and learning impairments from chronic heavy exposure to alcohol can arise from the neuro-toxic effects of ethanol on vulnerable hippocampus and limbic structures.Research findings from animal models and observational human studies have shown that persistent alcohol abuse can result in a decrement in the overall volume of the hippocampus, the area responsible for long term learning and memory. Cell volumes have been found to be consistently smaller in alcohol abusing adolescents and, perhaps unsurprisingly, the degree of hippocampal damage increases with the number of years of alcohol abuse. In one observational rese arch study cited by CITATION Zei05 l 1033 (Zeigler, C. C, Yoast, B. D, amp McCaffree, 2005) 38 adolescent alcohol abusers were compared with 69 non alcohol users on neuropsychological tests.The former scored consistently less well in verbal IQ, spelling and reading tests compared to the latter CITATION Lov04 l 1033 (Loveland- Cherry, 2005) reports that school attachment and receiving good grades have been associated with less adolescent alcohol use, while absenteeism and poor grades are associated with early initiation and increased levels of alcohol use. CITATION Per02 l 1033 (Perkins, 2002) found that male students who drank more than 5 drinks, and female students that drank more than 4 drinks, in a session one or two times in a 2 week period were over three times more likely to report getting behind in school work compared with more moderate drinkers.When the drinking frequency increased to 3 times in a 2 week period, they were more than eight times more likely to report this pro blem. CITATION Ber87 l 1033 (Berkowitz amp Perkins, 1987) found that women students were as likely as men to experience impaired academic performance due to alcohol. Most reviews which looked at educational performance related to American college students and the majority prove points to the fact that the association between academic performance and college drinking is inconclusive. A number of reviews have discussed the methodological limitations of studies that investigate the relationship between alcohol and academic performance.Much of the cited evidence for a relationship comes from cross sectional studies which cannot ascribe a causal link. However, there is emerging evidence from longitudinal studies which suggests that binge drinking may impair academic performance over time. Nevertheless, it is noted that most college students who drink go on to lead successful lives. Indeed CITATION Gil02 l 1033 (Gill, 2002)argues that alcohol may be a scapegoat for other factors that ma y limit poor academic performance.CITATION Roy11 l 1033 (Royce, 2011) in United States argued that the amount of alcohol consumed by students correlate with their grade point average. Thus, there is a negative relationship between alcohol consumption and students academic performance, as the more alcoholic beverage taken by students, the lesser time available for studies or academic work. CITATION Wil03 l 1033 (Williams, L. M, amp H, 2003).

Importance of Value Management

Importance of rate centeringThe cogitation aims at making the lymph nodes awargon of the importance of a Value Management (VM) study in their send. It describes the process of the study step by step, the benefits of conducting the study at an early stage and relating the study to item project issues. It gives a brief lowstanding of how the VM study works at different stages and a veritable(prenominal) agenda provides a brief review of the same. Tools and techniques exampled in the study ar as well explained. in the long run a short introduction to Value engineering science and the importance of its study at the appropriate clip in the Project life rung will be discussed.1. IntroductionThe (Public Private Partnership) project is to be assessed through the epoch grade management study. As the project brief indicates a mixed use refreshment and commercialised centre, a gym, swimming pool, park, health spa, squash court, jogging and cycling tracks with features as le isure facilities and for commercial centre would include retail outlets, health clinics, cafes, offices to let, pharmacies and theatres. Benefits of such(prenominal)(prenominal) a PPP project are it reduces costs, switch risks to the private partner, shortens the construction period, and has access to skills, experience and technology of the private sector. This project is to cater for the expatriate and local anaesthetic communities living in the suburbs who do not cede assess to any leisure facilities. With this project people, particularly children will be able to spend time outdoors and use other facilities rather than term of enlistment indoors watching television. It also allows people to use various health facilities and do their shopping in their locality itself.Value management is a study that serve wells maximize the operational quantify of the project under study by managing its festering right from the concept to its completion by accessing its esteem system. In a PPP project as there are two parties the government and the private sector there are varying value systems. The public sectors aim is to regulate, deliver services to people and achieve value for money while the private sectors goal is profit.2. Value Management StudyValue Management (VM) studies are typically initiated for a procedure of reasons such as cost overrun of the project, communication problems, clients not satisfied with their approach to project management and finally clients who understand and believe that a VM study helps improving the value of the project. The benefits of VM exercise are the maximum when implemented at the start of the project, particularly if its applied during conceptual development and initial architectural plan stages. Some of the benefits may be improving project schedule, improving technical specifications, generating alternating(a) ideas calling unnecessary expenditure optimizing resources eliminating redundant features and apprec iation of whole of life cycle costs.The VM study can terminus specific issues of this PPP project such as a give away Value for Money, obtaining provisions for better quality services, quicker delivery of the project and finally better utilization of the assets being put inot the project.2.1 druthers PhaseThe VM study can broadly be divided into three stages namely orientation human body, shop phase and the implementation phase. During the orientation phase tasks such as coordination of works, gathering of data such as plan layouts, site conditions, project constraints, operational requirements. Also tasks such as scheduling VM study location, preparing the agenda and selecting the study team are done. If large team is selected, subdivide the members to form teams so that specific matters cover in detail. Selection of the team is done by the ACID test. Authorize include those who have license to take decisions during the workshop. Consult include those without whose consult ation the workshop may be suspended. Inform exclude those who have to be merely informed about the aftermath of the workshop. Do include those who have to translate the outcome of the workshop into action.The study team comprises of the following1 certified value specialist1 adviser project manager1 contractors representative1 quantity surveyor1 architect with mixed use recreation centre experience1 morphological organise1 building service engineer1 school teacher1 health counselorIt is advised to use a combining of members from the fancy team and outside in suppose to assure free thinking and unbiased recommendations. The value specialist will preside over the entire workshop to see that the study is carried out swimmingly and as per the agenda. The consultant project manager and the contractors representative represent the client and the contractor, informs each of their value systems to the be members of the study team. The quantity surveyor advises about the quantities of items that would be required, while the architect would provide his opinion on what would be the perfect design for the project. The structural engineer looks into the requirement of the elemental units of the social organization such as columns and beams so that the structure is permanent whereas the building service engineer analyses the services that will be installed once the structure is ready. Besides professional a school teacher and health counselor are appointed into the team so that they can provide their perspective representing the local community.AGENDATIME ACTIVITYDay 1 Pre workshop16.00 IntroductionPurpose of the VM workshop and its benefits17.00 Gathering reading such as project constraints, matteralrequirements, plan layouts and site conditions19.00 Familiarizing the team with the agenda (job plan)20.00 Dinner and getting to know members of the study teamDay 2 Workshop phase09.00 Introduction phaseQuick review of collected information09.30 Issues Analysis10. 45 Snacks break11.00 Clients value systemIdentifying main values of the client12.00 Preparing a strategic timeline for the projectStakeholder mapping12.30 Familiarizing the study team with social occasion Analysis and speedy13.00 Lunch break14.00 Function Analysis14.30 Sorting of functions needs and wants15.00 FAST platming17.00 Tea break17.30 Review the FAST diagram18..00 End of DAY 2Day 3 Workshop phase09.00 Creativity phase cogitate11.00 Snacks break11.20 Listing of ideas generated12.00 Evaluation phaseCrude filtering by weighted voting to reduce number of ideasRefined filtering green dots to select 8 ideasred dots to select 4 ideas.13.30 Lunch break14.30 outgrowth phaseDevelopment of ideas selected in evaluation phase15.30 Detailed analysis of TCQ time, cost, qualityLife cycle be16.30 Tea break16.50 Implementation of ideas and follow up plan18.00 End of DAY 3Day 4 Workshop phase09.00 Reviewing the development of ideas09.30 Action plan10.00 Presenting importance of Value Engineering and its benefits11.00 Presentation Recommendations to Management11.30 Snacks and Goodbye2.2 Workshop PhaseThe workshop commences by analyzing project understanding how client plans to own, generate and maintain the project and followed by issues analysis. Client Value system is then identified by considering values which are important to the client and performing paired comparison between the values as shown below. This helps identify which are the key values of the client. Stakeholder mapping (power to influence vs. interest) and Strategic Timeline are other tasks to be carried out.One of the main steps of the VM process is function analysis. Through function analysis project components are analyzed and compared to be able to achieve project objectives. The primary function and twinklingary functions are also identified. The primary function is essential for the achievement of stated objectives, whereas the secondary functions aid in providing the projects wants. Usi ng FAST diagramming the functions of the system are identified. First functions are generated through brainstorming and then sorted such that the needs are at the topmost left and wants bottommost right. The functions are placed in such a way that we move to a lower level asking how? and move to a higher(prenominal) level asking why? Function analysis helps generate ideas that eventually result in recommendations.The second phase of the workshop is Creativity phase. It is done by considering a function and contributing suggestions that answer the function through a list of creative ideas as well as identifying risks involved with them.The team generates as many ideas as possible to provide the functions at a lower cost.Judgment of the ideas is not permitted. virtually of the ideas are a result of the exercise done in the function analysis phase.The next phase (evaluation) of the workshop involves screening ideas to more manageable numbers. The ideas and risks evaluated are graded on the basis of potential savings, time required to redesign and client acceptability. They are then ranked and the highest are selected by the team to be further reviewed by the members of the design team.During the development phase the ideas are converted into workable solutions after examining their technical feasibility and economic viability.The risks that are assessed and weighted are also considered. They are entered into a risk register. The recommendations are prepared with a short brief to compare the original design with the suggested changes. At the end of the workshop a presentation is held to give recommendations and suggestions to the management.2.3 Implementation PhaseThe implementation phase of the VM study includes submitting to the clients and the design team, the VM pass over containing recommendations developed during the workshop.The design team may incorporate the recommendations suggested into their project design or reject them. on with the VM report a summa ry of the cost savings and redesign costs are also included.The report may include KPI Key performance indicators, schedule of activities and a Risk register.3. Value EngineeringValue Engineering (VE) is the process of identifying and eliminating unnecessary cost during design and construction. VE studies should ideally be conducted at 35% design schematic design stage. While the early stages of design provide the most opportunities for affecting the value elements, it is prudent to consider VE at all stages of the project. Project constraints should be outlined prior to the VE, as it will help avoid making recommendations that are contrary to the clients design. The elements that are typically of interest during the VE study are (1) the underlying structural elements positioning of columns and beams, optimizing loading effect on the foundation. (2) The architectural design, (3) Positioning of electrical and windup(prenominal) components such as lifts, escalators, HVAC systems ,(4) the use of technology etc. The study team for the VE workshop may comprise of1 certified value specialist1 project engineer1 structural engineer1 building service engineer1 electrical engineer1 mechanical engineer1 quantity surveyorVE facilitator with a specific expertise in aspects of VE will lead the workshop in order to structure the process and to better the effectiveness of the program. The team members are selected depending on the subject to be evaluated, the structural engineer would look into the requirement of the elemental units of the structure such as columns and beams so that the structure is stable whereas the building service engineer analyses the services that will be installed once the structure is ready. The electrical and mechanical engineers analyze the installations of electrical equipment and machinery such as lifts, HVAC etc. The Project Engineer shall take part whenever design aspects of the project are reviewed. Supporting disciplines like quantity sur veyor is involved to assess the quantities.The VE workshop provides improvement of value through the followingThe current project design is assessed with the functions, checked for technical, cost optimization.Alternative ideas are evaluated to identify benefits and risks of changes to the alternative design.Key aspects of the design are evaluated so as to achieve Value for money potentiality of each option is evaluated, in terms of Cost to function ratio Life cycle costing OPEX vs. CAPEX balanceAnalyzing buildability and overall performance of the project.

Styrene production plant

vinylbenzene production plantProject kneadProject DefinitionThe aim of this motif was to design a cinnamene plant that produces 30,000 kg/h of styrene using the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB). This report determined whether the dehydrogenation of EB is an effective (both chemical substance substancely and economic altogethery) and viable method of producing styrene. The paper sought to determine this by analysing the production outgrowth, cost of the building and running a styrene plant, and the alchemy involved.Process DescriptionIncident ReviewMaterials Hazard DataRaw Materials, Intermediates, Products By-ProductsEthylbenzene is prejudicial, a combustible lucid and is a severe eye irritant. It is the reactant used in the main process of the plant. It dehydrogenates to signifier styrene as the main reaction, but other side reactions form toluene and benzene. This chemical would cause problems with conjures on locate. ethylbenzene should be unplowed asi de from the other inflammable materials in process, to avoid the risk of fire.Styrene is a flammable liquid, mildly toxic, bad when inhaled ( for example it may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, muscle weakness produces central nervous trunk depression irritates nose, lungs and throat.), and it moderates irritation to eyes and skin. Styrene is confirmed as a carcinogen. It should be produced by the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. This chemical cannister produce major injuries if a fire starts on site. The best condition for this chemical to be stored is on site for as short a time as possible, before be transported a stylus by the tanker. Due styrene is flammable liquid it should be stored away from both other flammable substances such as ethylbenzene, toluene and extra cargon should be taken to inform the fire go of the danger, to construe it is dealt with it promptly and properly. Pressure can build in component and they need to be look into for weakened points.Toluene is actually flammable, can cause irritation to skin and is harmful if inhaled. It is formed as one of the side reactions in the reactor, when styrene reacts with the hydrogen formed. dismission of containment would cause problems, due to the additional fire risk. The chemical should be kept away from flammable chemicals.Benzene can cause cancer, is toxic, very flammable, annoy to eyes and skin. It is harmful for example it can cause lung damage if swallowed. Benzene is formed in the process by the reaction of ethylbenzene and hydrogen. Benzene is the near(prenominal) violent chemical in this process. Loss of containment could pretend very serious off-site do. Cleaning up of each(prenominal) spills would be a problem, and extra care must(prenominal)(prenominal) be taken into account to ensure that people are trained to do so, as this chemical can destroy the purlieu.EffluentsSteam is used as a power in order to suffer the reaction going, and thus does not offendicipa te in whatsoever chemical reaction itself. It is not toxic, moreover large amount are required, and care must be taken that this water is taken from a suitable source. The water is reusable in this process. The risk of loss of containment depends greatly on the pressure of the steam, excluding the temperature, it should be relatively low risk.Emissions from other facilitiesThis would need to be completed when it is known what is being released by facilities lift by.Support MaterialsKOH is corrosive and harmful if swallowed. It catalysts the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene and reduces the energy required for this reaction.Fe2O3 is non toxic, has no risk to it and should not be considered as a precarious chemical. It is used as part of the catalyst for the main reaction of dehydration of ethylbenzene. Loss of containment shouldnt cause many problems, and neither should storage or transport. There are no special treatment problems with this chemical.Tertiary butyl catchol is toxic to aquatic organisms, can cause skin sensitisation and is an irritant. It lowers the amount of tars the styrene forms from polymerisation. tendency of this substance would be difficult, and care must be taken to dispose of it in a way that is unhurt for aquatic organisms. Relatively small amounts of it are needed, as it is just an addition to the styrene, and doesnt take part in any of the main reaction.ServicesThe services required for this chemical plant are strong water, electricity and gas. Some of the gas go out be provided in the plant itself by the combustion of the well-to-do reaction products, but gas will still be provided.Principal Materials of ConstructionMaterials encountered during construction/destructioni. Important physical and chemical propertiesii. Significant chemical reactionsiii. Materials toxic, reactive or severe environmental regardiv. Estimates of inventoryv. Off site cause of Loss of Containmentvi. Means of treatment and storagevii. Special handling problems environmental Aspectsenvironmental Impact StatementAs chemical engineers it is our duty to ensure that pollution is kept to a minimum where safety of the environment and natural habitats are key introductoryities by safe and abstract means of containment and disposal of all waste and effluents involved in the manufacture of styrene.Other environmental ConsiderationsThe interest identifies how the product (styrene) is going to be stored, controlled and monitoredProduct StyreneProblem/Harm to environment Mildly toxic, flammable, irritive to eye, consumption may cause headache, nausea and dizziness.Means of Containment As table 1 indicates styrene would be best stored in Ny nylon, PE polyethylene, SS stainless steel or TF- Teflon containers. A thick container of this material would be most withdraw to store styrene as it offers only slight changes in mass or dimensions of styrene. Hirst (2002, p.90). irresponsible and Monitoring when exposed to styrene, wear protectiv e clothing such as long overalls and thick appropriate gloves to avoid direct contact with the product.Additional safety precautionso solely clothes which have been in contact with product should be washed and rinsed immediately.o Air ventilates in all rooms to except any harmful dehydration.This table identifies all by products and wastes produced during the manufacture of styrene and offers reasonable solutions as to how they can be disposed ofHealth ToxicologyOccupational Health StatementStatutory mental picture limitsSpecific Requirements for functionTransport And SitingPossible Modes Of Transport For Styrene ProductionBy RoadBy RailBy FerryTransport StagesDue to the hazardous nature of the materials that we are going to be handling in order to produce styrene we have to undergo various safety precautions whilst transporting the materials.Because of the flammability hazard (in certain circumstances) and the sulfurous smell, all loading/unloading activities should preferab ly be carried out, having regard to the prevention of the ignition sources and styrene vapour emissions in the workings arena.An inspection of the transport equipment should be carried out by the loading terminal staff before, during and after loading. The inspection list detailed inAppendix 5is recommended for use.Previous Cargoes And CleanlinessA tank that carries Styrene Monomer should not have carried the following substances as any of the last two cargoes Caustic soda Pyrolysis gasoline Fuel oils lubricate oilsTanks to be loaded with Styrene Monomer should not be cleaned with materials which are reactive with Styrene Monomer or TBC, or cause increased colour, odour or a chloride problem. Salt water should never be the last wash because of possible chloride contamination.Because of the effect of the application of heat to styrene, steam cleaning of adjacent tanks to compartments which contain styrene or styrene residues is strictly not allowed.Facilities using styrene shoul d have developed and implemented a comprehensive spill prevention and emergency response plan.This plan should address1. Spill detection methods,2. touch notification procedures,3. Community contacts for notification and advice on evacuation needs,4. Fire prevention and protection,5. Provisions for spill containment/clean-up,6. Environmental protection,7. Compliance with applicable local regulations or laws. feeling of Loss of Containment on Occupied BuildingsPotential Effect From Existing PlantsIit is only slightly soluble in water (approx. 300 ppm at ambient conditions) and wherefore the acute hazard of spilled styrene will be very limited for most aquatic species. moreover styrene may cause tainting (unpleasant taste) in food from aquatic organisms exposed to low environmental concentrations. tally to the Standard European Behaviour Classification (Bonn Agreement) styrene is classified as a floater evaporator.Styrene is a monocyclic alkenyl aromatic compound with a molecular weight of 104. Being rather volatile and having a flash point of 32 oC, styrene is classified as a flammable substance, which in use may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixtures. Despite its high boiling point, styrene will at last end up in the air.Short-term exposure to styrene in humans results in respiratory make, such as throat irritation and lung constriction, irritation to the eyes, and neurological effects such as dizziness (see Section 3 Health Aspects for more details). To date styrene is classified in the EU as harmful by inhalation, irritating to the eyes and to the skinVery low concentrations of styrene vapour will react with bromine and with chlorine in sunlight to form an extremely potent lachrymatory agent. (causes tear to form, irritation and can even lead to blindness)Conformance With Company PoliciesCompany policies concerning Health, condom and the Environment1. Smoking is prohibited in all heavenss of the premises both indoors and outdoors and in any ot her enclosed spaces. Smoking is only permitted in a specified location at a safe distance from the facility and all equipment.2. Food and drink should only be consumed in eat areas and all employees must thoroughly wash their hands prior to handling food.3. Fire extinguishers must be present in all parts of the premises. One should be in every room/corridor or other separated enclosure. It must be unobjectionablely visible and accessible. All Employees must be richly trained in their operation.4. Fire alarms must be present in all rooms/corridors and must be clearly signed and accessible at all times.5. All workers should not lift any objects which they are physically uncomfortable with lifting. They must ask for assistance during any moving process and move of chemicals/other hazardous materials should always be supervised.6. Where necessary, workers must wear suitable physical protection. This includes hard hat, coat, gloves, gape etc. Protection guidelines should be availabl e in all processing areas and must be clear and visible.7. All materials presenting potential health risks must be carefully and properly contained. This should be checked prior to and after moving, and at least once daily.8. All equipment must be maintained properly and on a regular basis to the manufacturers guidelines. This must be carried out by whatsoeverone qualified to do so and must be supervised.9. Equipment involving high temperatures and pressures must be located at a safe distance from all areas by and large populated by employees.10. Equipment conditions (temperature, pressure, flow rate etc) must be consistently monitored and alarms must be in place to detect loss of control.11. Controls must be capable of complete shutdown and isolation of any and all equipment and pipes.12. Emissions must be carefully controlled and must fall within limits set by the Environmental Health Agency.13. All the above policies must be reviewed monthly to ensure there are being upheld cons istently. This must be carried out by an external professional.The styrene plant will adhere to all the policies set out above and all the policies will be considered and incorporated into the design of the plant to ensure they can be consistently and efficiently met.Consent Levels And Safety, Health And Environmental Protection CriteriaEnvironment choose sizing of the plant is yet to be studied, but based on a plant in Somerville Rd Brooklyn in Melbourne owned by Huntsman Chemical Company of Australia Pty Ltd, it is likely to be approximately 40 hectares (400 km2). Depending on the proximity to civilisation, this area may increase to create a safe perimeter.Wildlife will be affected by this development and so study needs to be done into the location of the site and habitation. Some wildlife may equally be a potential hazard to the operation of the plant itself. to-doThe exposure limit values are a daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 87 dB and a peak sound pressure of 140 dB . Study thusly needs to be done to investigate the level of noise produced by the machines that will operate in this plant.Health EffectsAs described in section 2, many of the materials involved present risks to health. All outputs in the liquid phase are irritants and some are known carcinogens. Several of the gaseous outputs are asphyxiates and flammable. The following emission controls are enforced by law (time weighted average)Ethylbenzene TWA 100 STEL 125 (ppm) United terra firma (UK)Benzene TWA 1.6 (mg/m3) United Kingdom (UK)Styrene Long-term exposure limit (8-hour TWA limit reference period) 430 mg.m-38.4 Personal Safety CriteriaNoise workers should be provided with noise protection when noise levels exceed the noise exposure limit declared above.Emissions In places of the plant where there is gaseous output, workers should be provided with dust respirators or gas masks where necessary. All workers must be given training on identifying gas leaks and emergency procedures.Ma chinery persisters should be provided with personal protection when working with machinery or handling equipment. This includes gloves, hard hat, protective boots and visibility jackets. Workers should be trained not to lift any heavy or dangerous material.Organisational, Human Factors Emergency RequirementsSuitability and Availability of StaffNew systems of Work and ProceduresSite Emergency Facilities and Roles/ResponsibilitiesFacilities for peak construction staffingSustainabilityEnvironmental ResponsibilityThe EU authorities have conclude that styrene is not bio-accumulative and meets the ready biodegradation criteria of the 29th Adaptation to Technical Progress of the Dangerous Substances Directive. The European Environmental Risk Assessment of styrene has concluded that no classification is needed.Persistence of Styrene in the environment is very limited because of its volatility from soils and show up waters, its fast destruction in air and its biodegradation in soils, a nd surface and prime waters.Styrene is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. Due to its high depletion rate from water the exposure rate may be very low.More details on Styrene environmental effects can be found in Section 4Environmental Aspects.What happens when styrene enters the environmentFor the most part, inert products such as plastic parts, packaging etc. introduce styrene into the environment done the manufacture and disposal processes with examine of styrene contamination being found in air, water and ground soils. However, in unlinked liquid form it enters the environment quickly and in larger quantities through evaporation and is to a fault further broken down by bacteria found in water and soils allowing further rapid entry. It is not expected to enter the food chain by grazing animals.How does it affect humansSurprisingly, for a fairly commonly used industrial product, little is known about the effects of styrene on us, what we do know to date is that although expo sure may not lead to any symptoms at all, alert high levels of styrene for short periods can lead to possible respiratory problems and nervous system effects such as depression, tiredness, nausea, muscle weakness, ENT irritation. There is currently no test data on the effects of breathing low levels for a long time, nor is any data available on the effects of use or absorption although animal studies revealed various symptoms such as damage to the brain, kidneys, liver and lung along with some reproductive effects.The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Environmental Protection Agency has as well now determined that styrene could be a possible carcinogen to humans in airborne form and several studies of workers have shown that breathing styrene may cause leukemia. There is no current evidence to support any cancer or health risks for nal nished products containing styrene where skin contact or expenditure has occurred.Clearly, styrene is a toxic, dangerous produc t in its raw form. It nds its way into the market in either solid form e.g. plastic parts, packing etc. or in liquid form. It is not harmful to humans in its inert solid form although it is harmful to the environment if not disposed of correctly. It is harmful to humans in liquid form both as a nished product and during manufacture.WEALTH insane asylumThe process of producing styrene on a large scale has a major benefit particularily on the local population surrounding the styrene plant as there is a great trope of jobs that are created for people. The local lodge can therefore take advantage of this and unemployment levels in the local area should plummet. The general wealth of the community will in turn increase and so the plant is in effect responsible for the local area becoming more prosperous financially.Social Development win StudiesFurther Studies would have to be conducted in the following area to assure the construction of the plant is safe and feasibleWildlife in the l ocal area Affect any emissions/noise might have.Local community whether the local community would be content with a styrene production plant in the areaNoise produced by plant equipmentEmissions of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, and Methylbenzene produced by the plants after reduction methods are complete. These gases are hazardous and have exposure limits which must be met.Emergency procedures and effects of plant layout

The feature of inequality in modern society

The feature of inequality in advanced unionInequality is an inescapable feature of modern society.Inequality affects modern society in a soma of ways. It is an inescapable feature of the macrocosm we live in. The most common inequality is sex. Men and Women argon hardened different in a number of ways such(prenominal) as in wages and in sports. This has been the very(prenominal) for centuries. Social class also put to works a very big role in inequality. 89% of plurality argon still judged by their class. (Glover 2007)Gender inequality is a huge problem in modern society today. unitary of the most common issues is wages. It is a kn throw fact that men touch high wages than women. According to a report by the government in 2006 there is a 13% pay gap between men and women. (The Financial Times 2006) The section for National Statistics website (2008) formulates that this statistic has locomote to 17.1% in 2008 for full time workers and 36.8% for severalise time workers . The Equal opportunities Commission published an article Facts active women and men in Great Britain 2006 It stated that 66% of mangers and senior officials are men, while women hold 81% of administrative and secretarial jobs. In the pay sector women are just over half the workforce, nevertheless the average hourly pay for a woman working full time in finance is 41% lower than men. Jenny Watson, the chair of The Equal Opportunities Commission states that Jobs traditionally seen as womens work such as early years care and education are undervalued and underpaid, and later in life many women are forced to take a pay cut for the flexibility they need to raise their own children Men and women usually pack an equal start with their career, but when womens childcare responsibilities kick in, this is where the problems start. Most companies and organisations pick maternity leave and childcare responsibilities for the pay gap between men and women. Women are allowed up to half a doze n months maternity leave. Recently men have been able to take just as much as women. So why is there still a gap in wages? Women have ever so been seen as the nurse the teacher or the secretary. The International Labour Organisation website (2010) claims that women that hold 34% of mangers jobs in great Britain. They only receive two-thirds the pay of their anthropoid counterparts. According to the International Labour Office Women and men in lower-paid non-manual jobs such as clerks, shop assistants are closest to being equal.Growing up we all had the idea of mens work and womens work. Men were builders and doctors while women were teachers and nurses. This idea hasnt changed much as we grow older. We depart all automatically look twice if we see a distaff bus driver, a male nurse or a female foreman. Its a natural reaction. From birth we see inequalities immediately in boys and girls. Blue is the colour for boys and pink for girls. Girls have their own toys that society dee med appropriate for girls and so do boys. It seems rail at or unnatural in several(prenominal) way to see a boy playing with a Barbie doll or pushing a toy pram. We have all grown up with these perceptions of what influence each sex should wear and what types of toys they should play with, that its no wonder men and women are treated otherwise when they grow up. It is what is natural to all of us.Gender inequality also exits in the education system. In same sex civilises the subject choices concentrate on the gender of the school.For example in a girls only school it is rarefied that they would stomach subjects such as construction studies or woodwork studies, the same for boys schools, they would rarely offer their male students the choice to take home economics. These subjects eject only be taken for both boys and girls in mixed gender schools.Another area where gender inequality is present is Sports. Women are in a male dominated world when it comes to sport. The ancient O lympic games website (2009) claims that Women have been fighting to gain equality in sport since 776 B.C. at the Olympic Games, originally known as the Games of Hera. Women were not allowed to play nor watch the games. Although women play the same sports as men do, women receive brusque or no air time. It is very rare that you would see a womens soccer or rugby match being shown in a sports bar. The media has by and large contributed to false stereotypes regarding men, women and sports. They see women as inferior to male athletes. Tennis especially has seen many centuries of gender inequality. Women only play the best of three sets whereas men play the best of five. Im sure any female lawn tennis player would be more than capable to play five or more sets if given the opportunity. in that location was also a dramatic difference in prize bullion up until 2006. There was a big difference in prize money between men and women in Wimbledon. Men were being paid a lot more money than w omen. A spokesperson for Wimbledon said that the difference in prize money was due to the fact that mens tennis was more exciting than womens. The Wimbledon website (2006) said this all changed in 2006 when both the ladies and mens winners were paid the same amount of prize money. This is a step in the right mission for gender equality in tennis. On the other hand soccer needs to follow in the same path. Women soccer players do not receive the same recognition or the same money that their male counterparts receive. Wayne Rooney earns 90,000 a week being a professional soccer player for Manchester United and is world famous. I dont think many plurality would be able to name one professional female soccer player. Men get all the fame and all the recognition.Golf is another sport where females are treated unequally. In most golf courses, women can only play on ladies day and are not allowed to play alongside the male players. Professional Female golf players just like professional fe male soccer players, do not receive as much money or recognition. These are some of the many inequalities which women are trying to challenge and overcome today. It has stopped women from advancing as fast as their male counterparts. In my opinion women have been neglected in sports just as they have been in many other areas of life such as education and work.More often or not people are judged by their favorable class. They are discriminated against by where they come from. 90% of 18-24 year olds say people are judged by their class (Glover 2007). This has been happening for centuries and I do not think that it impart change in the near future. As suggested by Macionis and Plummer (2008) Gordon Therborn has suggested that companionable class is one of the key features of modern Europe, as Europe was the first major arena of industrialisation. All the main political parties in Britain are trying to work against social class. Gordon Brown claimed recently that a class free society can become a reality in Britain. There are three shapes of class The upper classes, the bosom classes and the working classes. According to Glover (2007) the upper class is almost extinct with only 2% claiming to be part of it. The Middle class used to be the group between rich and poor.In 1998, 41% of people thought as themselves as middle class, exactly the same proportion as today. (Glover 2007) The Working strain is the lowest of the classes. A few centuries ago working class people were miners. They are known as the poorest of society. Glover (2007) said, Of people born to working class parents, 77% say they are working class too. One one fifth say they have become middle class.The fact that we still have a structure of class shows that people are discriminated because of their class and where they come from. They are discriminated against in the workplace and in schools. As Hutton (2007) described in his article, pupils from schools from middle class or working class areas are receiving little to no places in prestigious schools such as Oxford, even though they have received elegant marks. Their marks sometimes were better than pupils at Upper class schools. This just proves that there is inequality in social class. It obviously depends on where you come from and which school you attend that shapes your future education. No matter where we go in life we will be judged by our class and where we come from.Karl Marx and Max Weber have different views upon social class. Macionis and Plummer (2008) said that Marx defined class in terms of those who own the content of payoff and those who do not with a residual class in between He says that the owners or the means of production exploit those who produce goods and services, while the working class become alienated consumers. Marx focuses more on the economic side of social class, especially the labour force. Weber and Marx have similar ideas. In Webers view, a persons class status is a determinant of how they will turn out in later life. People will have a better life if they are higher up in class. He thought that a persons possessions and the way they lived was the cause of class conflict. Although Weber believed as Marx did that the economic side of social class was important and caused most of the conflict, he didnt believe that this was the only cause of the conflict between social classes. He saw society back then as having many status groups who held a immense amount of power. For example teachers do not own their schools they work for people, but they may be higher up in status than a mechanic who owns his owns and runs his own business. Weber thought that people in politics had more power in society. Weber said that conflict between the classes was a guide of many different inequalities.Inequality is definitely an inescapable feature of our society. There are still gender inequalities present in modern society and some that have been around for centuries. I think there wi ll always be inequalities between men and women. It has been around for centuries and nothing has changed, so I do not see it changing in the near future. There will also always be inequalities in social class. It was around in Karl Marxs era and is still here to the present day. People are being judged and criticized by where they come from. Even though the government is claiming that social class will not exist in years to come, they have not backed up their claims yet.

Principles and Practices of Classroom Management

Principles and Practices of Classroom Management repugn behaviour boorren ar children that disrupts, annoy or get into a dissimilarity with other people, be it the teachers or their peers. Some to a fault do not interact with the others (McTiernan, 2011). Positive behaviour is being soci satisfactory with peers and being able to bear in mind to instructions. In a class, there ar bound to contain a mixture of both autocratic and ch entirelyenge behaviour. Management of the ch everyenge or electropositive behaviour of children is not the only influence for the childs behaviour. The arrangement of the physical space overly does matter.Different surround is needed for different kind of activities, when the children is doing languages or maths, a lull environs is needed as the children needs to think and absorb the information. However, when it is time for play, the environment would be noisy. These two activities need to be stick at a separated place as the noisy activitie s might disrupt the settle down activities. In the childc are centre that I am abandoned in, the quiet and noisy activities are separated. When they arrange the activities in this way, the children would develop a positive behaviour as they sense of smell comfortable in what they are doing.Shelves utilize in child care or kindergartens should be low-spirited as it is decisive for the teacher to keep their eyes on the children at all times. Shelves are use as a partition for different l stiletto heelning centres and remembering space in a childcare or kindergarten (Hodge, 1997, p.10). The shelves in the childcare centre that I am attached in also has low shelves so that the teacher can always see the children and the children can also reach for the toys easily. When the teacher keep an eye on the children at all times, it would prevent challenging behaviour as the children sleep withs that they are being watched by their teachers.Tapes are also used as a sign for boundaries , rough centres also has footprints to show the children most pathways from a certain place to another(prenominal) (Kaiser, Rasminsky, 2007, p.105). However, there isnt any tapes nor foot prints in the childcare I am attached to. Therefore, it does not seem to be in possession of any term for any learning corners. This triggers challenging behaviour as children not to know where the different centres are and they pull up stakes start to be rowdy.Social linguistic context is when there is friendliness, cooperation and cohesiveness involved. With this three components, it would add up to a instinct of community. A community is where one can feel a sense of belong and they all extend towards a goal that they all seduce. When children are friendly with each other, challenging behaviour ordain not die so often. This is so as they feel that they are included and they ordain feel happy. Cooperation is essential in preventing challenging behaviour as with conjunct activities, c hildren with challenging behaviour would tend to be acquire not so self-assertive and corporate (Kaiser, Raminsky, 2010).Being a teacher would mean that there is a need for one to set a candid example for the bookmans. They should be caring and be able to lend a listening ear to the children. When the children see that their teachers are so friendly, they will then feel further to behave positively. When children behave positively, challenging behaviour can then be prevented.A kin between the teacher and student should also be built up. To do so, one should be fair to each and all(prenominal) student and make an effort to know about each students background. As a teacher, it is also very important to listen to every student. It should also be necessary to set out some behaviour that is expected from the children. When the children feels that the teacher has built up a relationship with them, it is less likely for them to have a challenging behaviour. As they feel that you are v ery friendly, they will build up a positive behaviour. However, being friendly is important but one should be close about not letting the children think that you are their friend instead of teacher as this would lead to them not taking what you say seriously (Smith, Yell, 2013).In different childcare or kindergartens, different strategies are used by teachers in managing classes. Below are two strategies that I have observed the teachers used. Of which one is a formula and one is a routine. Although strategies are supposedly workable, however, there are also times where strategies does not work.In the childcare centre that I am attached to, there are some unique actions made to catch the childrens attention. One of the strategies I observed is that during lessons or storybook reading time, when the children are getting serenityless and get rowdy, the teacher would clap her hands to any tune and most of the children will mimic what is being clapped. However, the corporation of t he children depends on how rowdy they are. If they are unfeignedly rowdy, only some will clap to the tune while the rest continues to be noisy. I have observed that the clap to the tune regularity only works for a maximum of two to three times. subsequently that, another strategy essential be used to capture the childrens attention. I think that this happens as the children gets bored with the method at the leash time.The second strategy is actually a rule. There is a rule saying that after every meal, the floor must be move and the tables must be cleaned by the students. When it was my primary day in the childcare centre, I was actually very shocked to see the children all lacking(p) to sweep the floor and clean the tables. I at first theory that they were rewarded after that. However, they were not. After much thinking, I finally understood wherefore they would be so spontaneous. They already take it as a routine routine, to them, it is like ba intimacy or eating.In ind ependent work, much considerations must be made in order for the children to be interest and so get the motivation to finish that piece of work. The work should be challenging but achievable. This is so as it is important to let children feel a sense of achievement when they first do it. If they fail at the first time, they will not want to do it again the next time. This nub that if the child is 5 years old, do not give anything that a 7 year old would do. This is so as they will not know how to do and would not be motivated to finish the work given over when they feel that they do not know how to do. Work should also be given according to the childs interest. For example, if the child is interested in savages, you could provide the child with some paper and recycled materials for him/her to create an animal he or she likes (Weinstein, Romano Mignano, 2011, p.256).The objectives in a slender group employment is to let the children learn how to have teamwork and how to help one another. Therefore, the work given should include factors of teamwork. If possible, create an activity that the factor of teamwork is mandatory. Another considerations that must be made is that to help the children team up, this means that one should make sure that they do not mix with the same group of people all the time. This would lead to segregation in the class as over time, they will not want to mix with the other peers. The aim of a small group work is for everybody to mix around, if they only mix with their peers then it would get the better of the purpose of a small group work (Weinstein, Romano Mignano, 2011, p.277). I have observed that in the childcare centre that I am attached to, they would try to mix the children around for group work.The last important thing is to make sure no student tries to free load. It is essential to put different children with different strength together so that all of them would have a chance to do something. For example, put a studen t with good creative but does not have much of a forbearance with a student that has patience but not much of a creativity (Weinstein, C. S, Romano, M. E. Mignano, A. J., 2011, pg. 278).

Case study: Mental Retardation

Case study psychic RetardationIntroductionWhen you go let on from your ho physical exertion today, try to mark the tribe around our environment, and we will found that non everyone stubs physically lock ilk us or at normal level. For instance, at that place be individual who blind, deaf ar, and overly who atomic number 18 not sufficient to declare or move around. Generally, people refer them as physically disabled, so we will see this group of people having the donationicular(a) privilege such(prenominal)(prenominal) as in the shopping complexs parking space, particular parking was prompt with the label disable. On another hand, there are people who bank kindly purpose at normal level like intimately of us. They might have not able to control their body movement, their intelligence, kindly interaction as easy as langu days since the birth or first childhood. In this case, we are referring them as moral ineptitude.The Ameri backside railroad tie on Ment al Retardation (2002) defined psychological unhurriedness as a particular state of surgical procedure that begins in childhood and characterized by confinement in both intelligence and adaptational skills. According to state Information middle(a) for children and spring chicken with disabilities (2002), we label a soul with cordial retardation when he or she has specific limitation in mental functioning and also in skills such as communicating, taking negociate of him or her self as well as hearty skills. All of this limitation will salute the children in their filming, such as slow in learning and development comparing to others typical child (National Information center for children and offspring with disabilities, 2002). Mental retardation also reflects the fix between the capabilities of individuals and the expression and expectation of their environment (The Ameri put up draw on Mental Retardation, 2002). In specific example, children with mental retardation may postulate longer epoch in learning to speak, walk, and dispense care of their somebodyal commands such as eating or dressing (National Information center for children and youth with disabilities, 2002). They are more likely to have problem learning in normal school (National Information center for children and youth with disabilities, 2002). They can learn, save probably ask a longer time or else there are something that they just shift learn (National Information center for children and youth with disabilities, 2002). Mental retardation is sub-aver days popular intellectual functioning that related with concurrent impairments in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period (Southern knowledge of institutional dentists, 2010). Mental retardation is an effectual theoretical intelligence, which is congenital or acquired early in life (Stefanovska, Nakova, Radojkova-nikolovska, Ristoska, 2010). Children with mental retardation have the low cast of perceptiveness and limited do main(prenominal) of attention (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). The 34 Code of federal official Regulations 300.7(c)(6) of The United States Department of tuition defined mental retardation as significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a childs educational operation (Federal registration, 1999).The statistic showed that averagely, 3% of the general population will be suffered from mental retardation (Southern association of institutional dentists, 2010). Most people with mental retardation are bring upd in the hotshot or during first years of school (Southern association of institutional dentists, 2010). The preponderance provided by statistical manual of mental disobliges fourth edition school text revision DSM-IV-TR (2000) mentioned that mental retardation has been predictable at roughly 1%. In te rm of gender, the ration for male to female is 1.5 to 1 (American psychiatric connectedness DSM-IV-TR, 2000). This sh induce that mental retardation affect more male.The misconception about how people perceive what is mental retardation also beingnessness pointing out. According to a case study from World Health Organisation (2006), a special education teacher who teaches the disable children is advised by the family and also neighbours to throw overboard from her work when she is pregnant after 12 years of marriage. The reason presumptuousness is that they want her to avoid contact with these types of children (means disable), concerning her un natural(p) child will be like them. Acknowledged that this is superstitions, and with the reserve from her husband, she continues to help the children at the focus, and now her impertinent born daughters intelligence is above average. Mental retardation is not something such as you having green eyes, bad heart, or you are born scan t(p) or thin, it is also not medical disorder, nor a mental disorder (The American link on Mental Retardation, 2002).Criteria DefinitionReferring to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR), published by American psychiatrical connection, there are triple components of ca drill of mental retardation, which all of the component must be present to diagnose a patient with mental retardation (American Psychiatric experience DSM-IV-TR, 2000). The three diagnostic criteria for Mental Retardation are as below bar A. Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning an IQ of approximately 70 or below on an individually administered IQ try (for infants, a clinical judgment of significantly sub-average intellectual functioning).Criterion B. Concurrent deficits or impairments in present adaptive functioning (i .e., the persons effectiveness in meeting the standards evaluate for his or her age by his or her cultural group) in at least twain of the following subject fields conversation, self-care, home living, social / inter individualised skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional schoolman skills, work, leisure, health, and safety.Criterion C. The onset is before age 18 years.In Criterion A, IQ or Intelligence quotient adjudicate had apply to administer the general intellectual functioning of an individual. Intelligence is the general mental capability. It involved the ability in reasoning, problem resolving power, abstract thinking, netherstanding complex ideas, quickly in learning, and also experience learning (American Association on Mental Retardation, 2002). The comm just IQ test such as the 3rd edition Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children 4th Edition Stanford-Binet and also Kaufman sagacity battery for children. All of this is an individually administered intelligence test. The cut-off score is IQ test scored 70 or sub-average intellectual functioning is IQ score of about 70 or below, which are two standards deviation below the mean. However, in some cases, although the individuals IQ score is below 70, he or she should not be diagnosed as mental retardation if there is no translucent disturbance in adaptive functioning. Adaptive functioning will be explained in Criterion B. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR) (2000), some others factor that may top an individual score poorly should be taken into consideration. For example, some of the factors include the socio-cultural back groundwork of an individual the problem with native language as well as related communicative, tug and sensory handicaps (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). on that point is four degree of severity of mental retardation. The degree of severity is headstrong by the IQ scores. The summary of the retardation and IQ level are as belowMild mental retardation IQ level 50-55 to approximately 70M oderate retardation IQ level 35-40 to 50-55several(prenominal) mental retardation IQ level 20-25 to 35-40Profound mental retardation IQ level below 20 or 25(American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000)About 85% of the mental retardation patient is fall out under Mild Mental Retardation, which their IQ level through IQ test is about 50-55 to approximately 70 (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Normally, they cant be differentiating with normal children at the age of 0-5 years old. This is because the social and communication skills are developing at the age of pre-school (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). At this stage, they have minimal disturbance in sensor motors areas (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). The characteristic representing this category is the role of woodwind in the movie Forest Gump. In the movie, Forest ever said that I been an idiot since I was born. My IQ is near 70, which qualifies me, so they say. (Smith, 2006). With the appropriate support, patient with mild mental retardation can live successfully. Forest, who always being classified as developmentally challenged used chocolate to contrasting portrait of his struggle until he become a football star in the college, Vietnam war hero, and a successful business man (Smith, 2006).. On patients with moderate mental retardation, we unremarkably refer them as trainable (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). About 10% of the mental retarded patients fall under this category (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). They learn communication skills at the early childhood, so that they can benefit from vocational training. With moderate supervision, patient with moderate mental retardation can real fulfill personal care. They are able to travel by them self in a familiar setting however they cant circulate beyond the 2nd grade level in the academic subject (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). In a supe rvised condition, patient can function well with the community around them.For patient with severe mental retardation, they are rattling 3-4% of the mental retardation population (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). During pre-school period, they might learn a little or no communication skills. During the school period, they learn talking at secondary level, they can be teaches in self-care. In a closely supervise condition, they can function well in life if they do not involve in whatsoever handicap.Patient of mental retardation who falls under the with child(p) mental retardation is 1-2% (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Most of the patient has a neurological condition that emergence their mental retardation. Their motor development, self-care, and communication skills can be amend if there is a proper education being given to them.If a mentally retarded patient who cant be categories within this four degree of severity, they will be put under the category mental retardation, severity unspecified.In Criterion B, impairment in adaptive functioning is the pore. Impairment functioning is the effectiveness of a person coping with passing(a) life events and also how well a person pass on the standard of self independence expected by their age group in a particular socio cultural back ground as well as community setting (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Yet, there are various factors that might influence the adaptive functioning of a person with mental retardation. Some of the factors are education, motivation, a persons characteristic, social and vocational opportunities and the mental disorder and general medical conditions (American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR, 2000). The areas of adaptive functioning concerning is communication, self-care, home living, social social / interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety. A person can exclusively be diagnose with mental retardation if he meet any 2 of the area concerning in criterion B. For example, at the age of 16 years old, a person could not speak and poorly performance in academic.In criterion C, age is the focus. The onset must be before 18 years old.Intervention ProgrammeIntervention program are to believe will help the children with mental retardation to escape better in their daily life as well as future life. Intervention program for the mentally retarded children usually take part by the government, non-governmental organisation, school and also psychologist or expert in the field. Although it was take part by many organisations, just now we have to sensible that the talk ofion program cost a large sum of coin. health check news today (2006) reported as in years 2000, money spend for patients with mental disorder is about 51 billion dollars. However, the incumbrance program is still necessary to provide the patient another part of life.One of the interpolation programs for children with mental retarded is occupational therapy. In occupational therapy, thought about daily life functioning being discuss and share with the children (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). This therapy leads the children to perform the daily life task that the child would like to, or the task which is expected by the society or cultural back ground (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). The most important aims of occupational therapy are to lead the children to have meaningful and resolute occupations through the intervention (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). Occupational therapy also focuses to help the child with mental retardation to develop fine motor control (Reynolds Dombeck, 2006).This fine motor skills is needed by the children with mental retardation to perform concentrated tasks (Reynolds Dombeck, 2006). Some of the concentrated tasks are like theme or drawing. All of this basic concentr ated task is important for self-help and academic skills in the later life of the children (Reynolds Dombeck, 2006). Researcher found that occupational intervention program had a positive feedback (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). Patient can carry out activities of daily living in a safe and efficient manner. (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). In summary, Occupational therapy intervention program for children with mental retardation, aims to help the children to meaningful and purposeful activity. The activity include self-care, care for others, appreciate life and socially lively in various situation. Mental retarded children who went through this therapy will able to use the skills learned in future.Another intervention program for children suggested by researcher is tooth-brushing intervention program. In a study done by Stefanovska, Nakova, Radojkova-nikolovska, Ristoska (2010), they intentional a 6 month intervention program that focus on the encou ragement of independent manual skills looking after personal oral hygiene.100 school children at the age of 9-16 with low and moderate mental retardation in Skopje. Althought tooth brushing seems to be very easy for us, barely it actually is a voluntary activity that requires motivation and physical ability. In term of motivation, the children with mental retardation are require to understand what is needed and also the reason or benefits of tooth brushing and also the desire to achieve the benefit ( reduction the plaque). Yet, they found that children with mentally retarded are not capable in understanding the oral hygiene procedures but they accept the variegate (Stefanovska, Nakova, Radojkova-nikolovska, Ristoska 2010). According to the researcher, patient of mental retardation normally suffered from periodontal disease. The result of their study showed that this six month program was effective in reducing the plaque and gingivitis scores and the long term success of the progr am is to wield the childrens motivation to brush their own teeth and make this part of their daily routine (Stefanovska, Nakova, Radojkova-nikolovska, Ristoska 2010). Calculated the long term benefit, tooth brushing is actually cost effective ways of reducing plaque, reducing the needs to see dental doctor and others. The mentally retarded children are able to brush their own tooth with proper encouragement and motivation.Besides that, Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah (2007) proposed that ready reckoner game as an intervention instrument focusing on the attention capacity of the mentally retarded children. In their experiment, 60 male mentally retarded children were recruited from two 24 hours care centers in Tehra. All of them had an IQ level between 50 and 70 with no physical disability. The result of their study indicated that intervention of computer games increased the attention span of the mentally retarded children (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). Not only that, interventi on of computer game also help in change magnitude the internal motivation and activity if the children (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). The mentally retarded children was attracted by trace of the computer games such as competition, laugh, curiosity and others, and all of this helped in meliorate the ability to pay attention (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). The children also learned problem solving skills through the games Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). In order to complete the game, the children need to practice and living repeating the same process, this had help the children in self understanding skills, slice paying attention to an object or location will improve the nervous system process (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). In summary, as we can see, the main function of the computer games is to help the children in understand and paying attention. The two benefits are actually interrelated to each others, to pay attention you need to understand, understandin g help you in paying attention. The mentally retarded children need both of this skill. However, we should also consider the side effect of using computer. redundant education is another intervention program for the children with mental retardation. In Malaysia, a Non-governmental organisation, Lions Club of Kota Bharu operates a downcast syndrome centre to give pre-school education to the cut out syndrome children ages there to six years (Dahari, 2009). Down syndrome cause by the non-disjunction of chromosome 21and is the starring(p) genetic cause of mental retardation (Ghosh, Sinha, Chatterjee Nandagopal, 2009). After graduated from the canter, the Down syndrome children will be sending to the special classes in the government school. They look at the Macquire Small step curriculum as teaching guide or you may called it as early intervention program. The term intervention is used to cover physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and special education help. There ar e several type of intervention provided such as home based, centre based, and nursery based. Parents with Down syndrome children might send their children to this centre for early education. mentally retarded children are educable (Demirel, 2010). Another intervention in term of education being done in Turkey, the curriculum for children with mental retardation was designed at primary school level, attending private class, focusing on improving the skills of understanding, showing positive social relations, adjusting to the social, technological and physical environment and surviving independently (Demirel, 2010). From two of this example, we can see that education actually help the mentally children to make their life better. As a psychologist, we should support all kind of effort in coming out with special education for the mentally retarded children. Education is one of the best intervention programs for the children.In conclusion, no one is this world choose to be born mentally retarded mentally retarded is a give but not a choice. As a normal human, we should not divert them yet give them the best of what we can do. Intervention program had being proven able to help the children with mental retardation to have a batter life. Every one of us should play our roles in reinforcement all kind of intervention program. As a psychologist, we actually can do many things for them as there are within our area of study, we can contribute idea regarding their well fare, education and in others issues. They had born unlucky, why not we shown them another part of life?

Biocompatibility Study of Lactobacillus Casei

Biocompatibility Study of Lactobacillus CaseiBIOCOMPATIBILITY STUDY OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI ISOLATED FROM CUCUMBER AND valuation OF PROBIOTIC EFFECTS IN THE HUMAN GUTNANNU SHAFAKATULLAH* and M. CHANDRAAbs footpathProbiotics be rattling micro beingnesss introduced orally in the gastroin establishinal tract (GIT) that are able to add together positively to the activity of enteric microflora and at that placefore, to the wellness of its host. A variety of probiotic supplements are currently available in the market which target towards improving the ease and activity of the in streakinal microflora. Probiotics must cod robust deathurance properties in the gut in order to exert any beneficial health promoting properties. Many in vitro properties, such as devotion, co-aggregation, aggregation, hydrophobicity, protection to pH, bile, etc., are ordinarily investigated to determine if a specific selected variate would be suitable as a probiotic. Lactobacillus casei has been atta chd from raw cucumber and identified based on phenotypic and biochemical characteristics. The sequester was studied for its endurance at virulent pH, bile salt, intestinal juice, stomachal juice, co-aggregation, aggregation, several(predicate) NaCl preoccupancys, their action against pathogens, and fortress to antibiotics. The existence has shown well fortress to antibiotics, gastric acids and bile digestion and as well exhibited good adhesion to intestinal mucosa and aggregation properties.Key wordsBiocompatibility, cucumber, gastrointestinal tract, Lactobacillus casei, probiotics first appearanceProbiotics are defined as live micro beingnesss which when administered in adequate amounts chaffer a health benefit on the host1. The use of probiotic bacterium for the health of human has been increase from the last decade callable to the increased research on benefits of the probiotics for human. Knowledge of gut health and awareness of prevalent health consciousness in human leads to the search of new probiotic bacteria2-7. It has been prove that irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and antibiotic-induced diarrhea that occur due to the imbalance in the intestinal microflora merchant ship be reversed by the intake of probiotics.Lactobacillus species are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) microorganisms and they are the most commonly used microorganisms as probiotics and are the most sought by and by intestinal microflora. It is of the essence(p) to study the biocompatibility of the lactobacillus species before exploitation them as probiotics. caustic pH, bile salts, and gastric and intestinal juice in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are the major stress factors that the probiotics should overcome in order to brave out in GIT. Other than their choice capabilities, the probiotic microbes consumed should possess the might to adhere and colonize in the gastro intestinal tract. More the adherence capacity of the probiotics more is their kick downstairs to retain themselves in the GIT and provide positive effect to the consumer. In accordance with the FAO/WHO8 guidelines in order to prevent the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes from the probiotics to the intestinal pathogens it is recommended that the antibiotic resistance/susceptibility pattern of every probiotic strain (including bacteria with GRAS status) is to be determined.Due to the development of antibiotic distasteful pathogens there is increased interest in the alternative antimicrobial strategies for treatment and taproom of infections by using probiotics and their antimicrobial metabolites. Hence, antimicrobial activity against pathogens is a lovable property of a potential probiotic strain.The present study was aimed at isolation, identification, limning and biocompatibility study of the Lactobacillus strain attachd from cucumber. The biocompatibility properties were investigated throughin vitro assays.Material and MethodsIs olation and Identification of bacteriumFresh cucumber juice was prepared and 1ml of this was serially diluted to 10-5 to 10-6 and inoculated 0.1 ml on to lactobacillus MRS agar-agar plates and incubated at 37C for 24-48 minute of arcs anaerobically. Grams staining, catalase activity, gas production from glucose, acid fast test, MRVP test, gelatine hydrolysis, oxidase test, growth in different NaCl was determined according to manners for lactic acid bacteria9-10. The identification organise was through with(p) according to the methods expound in Bergeys Manual11 and the Prokaryotes. All the strains were well-kept by weekly sub culturing from 48hrs MRS agar gardenings. Growth characteristics at different temperature were monitored for 7 days period. Production of ammonia from arginine was d cardinal according to the method described by Abdel-Malek and Gibson12, Nitrate reduction was done as described by Gerhardt et al., 13. The seizes were maintained in MRS farm animal, sto ck cultures were stored on agar slants in refrigerator and also freeze dried and stored for longer period.Growth at acidic pHThe growth behavior of culture keep apart was detect at acidic pH to find the acid tolerance capacity of organisms. The Isolate was inoculated in MRS inventory with pH 2 and 3 and brooding was done at 37C for 48-72 hrs. During these incubation time cells growth was observed and results were recorded.Transit gross profit1. Simulated Gastric JuiceThe fictive gastric juice was prepared freshly by suspending pepsin 1myriad (3g/L) (SRL) in sterile NaCl (0.5%) and the pH was adjusted to 2.0 and 3.0 independently. This was filter sterilized using 0.45m filter. The L. casei was grown in de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth at 37C for 24 h and centrifuged at 2,500 g at 4C for 10 min. The collected cells were resuspended in sterile saline (0.5% NaCl) and inoculated into the simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0 and 3.0) at 108 cfu/ ml. The test was done in triplicates . Because the pH in the human stomach ranges from 1 (during fasting) to 4.5 ( afterwards a meal) and food ingestion can take up to 3 h, tolerance was assayed by determining the descend possible count at 0, 1.5 and 3-h incubation in simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0 and 3.0).2. Simulated intestinal JuiceThe simulated intestinal juice was prepared freshly by suspending pancreatin (1g/L) in sterile NaCl (0.5%) and adjusted the pH to 8.0. This was again filter sterilized by using 0.45m filter. 1ml of the break of serve of the L. casei was inoculated into 9ml of simulated intestinal juice (pH 8.0) and incubated at 37C. The test was done in triplicates. The survival rate was assessed by determining the total viable count at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8hrs of incubation.3. Bile ToleranceBile plays an important role in the survival of bacteria in the small intestine. fodder remains in the small intestine for around 4-6 hours14 till it gets absorbed. The L. casei was screened for its survival at diff erent bile ingresss. The organism was inoculated into 10 ml MRS broth in test tubes and incubated at 37C overnight in anaerobic condition. 100l of active culture was inoculated into fresh MRS broth tubes with pH 6.5 containing 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% bile (CDH India). The bacterial survival was measured by MRS agar colony count by taking 100l culture for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 180 min and aliquots spread onto MRS agar plates to calculate the CFU/ml. The look into was determined in triplicate to calculate intra-assay variation. CFU/ml was recorded.Aggregation (Del Re et al., 2000)Aggregation assay was performed by growing the discriminates in MRS broth for 24 hours anaerobically at 37oC. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 15 min, at 4oC. The cells were serve twice and re-suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to give viable counts of around 108 CFU/ ml. Four ml of the cell suspension was mixed for 10 seconds in a sterile tube to determine auto aggregation d uring 5h of incubation, at room temperature. The upper suspension was used in apiece hour by transferring 0.1ml to another 3.9ml of phosphate buffer solution, and the optical density at 660nm was measured. Tests were carried out in triplicate and the results were averaged.The auto aggregation percentage was mensurable by the formula 1- (At/A0) X 100, where, At incorporates the absorbance at time t = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and A0 the absorbance at t = 0. Aggregation abilities of microorganisms were screened by ocular observation.Co-aggregationThe bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 15 min after incubation at 37C for 18h, washed twice and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to give viable counts of approximately 108 CFU /ml. Equal volumes (2 ml) of each cell suspension were mixed together in pairs by vortexing. overlook tubes were set up at the same time, containing 4 ml of each bacterial suspension on its own. The absorbances at 660 nm of the sus pensions were measured after mixing and after 5 h of incubation (6-9). The percentage of co-aggregation was mensurable using the equation Handley et al. (1987) as,Co-aggregation (%) = (Ax + Ay) /2) A (x+ y) / (Ax + Ay)/ 2 100Where x and y represent each of the two strains in the control tubes, and (x + y) the mixture of single out time-tested for co-aggregation.Antibiotic Sensitivity testAntibiotic sensitivity test of the isolate was performed by standard disc diffusion method (NCCLS 1999) towards thirteen antibiotics. The clear culture of L. casei suspension was spread on the MRS agar plates to form a uniform smear. Selected antibiotic discs were aseptically transferred on to the seeded plates. The diameters of the zone of inhibition were measured using antibiotic zone scale (Himedia India) after 24 h of incubation. The experiment was repeated thrice and the average inhibitory zone diameters were compared with the standards provided by the National Committee for Clinical Labor atory Standards. Diameters of inhibition zones were measured and results were evince as sensitive, S ( 21 mm) intermediate, I (16-20 mm) and repellent, R ( 15 mm), respectively according to that described by Vlkov et al., 15. antimicrobic Activity Test agar-agar well diffusion method16 was used to determine the inhibitory capacity of the L. casei against infectious strains such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and vitamin B complex subtilis. The isolate and infective strains were incubated in MRS agar medium at 37C for 24 to 48 h.Result and DiscussionPhysiological and Biochemical CharacterizationThe isolate was subjected to Grams staining and it was examined under light microscope. The strain gave blue- strain color with staining hence it was Gram positive bacteria. Isolate was tested for catalase activity. It was catalase negative (do not show catalase activity). To test the gas production from glucose test tubes were o bserved for 5 days. The Isolate shown no gas production this indicates its homofermentative disposition ( board 1). Another criterion for the identification the isolate was the ability of growth at different temperatures (Table 2). From the results of 5 days observation the isolate showed growth at 15-50 C. Growth at different NaCl concentrations was observed. The isolate has the ability to grow at 2-6% NaCl concentration. Arginine hydrolysis test was another step to follow the identification procedure. The isolate which gave the blazing orange were accepted that they can produce ammonia from arginine. The yellow colour indicated negative arginine hydrolysis. The isolate has shown -ve for arginine hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of starch was negative by isolate. The isolate was non motile, non spore forming. The most useful test for the determination of strain differences is carbohydrate fermentation. Twenty one (other than glucose) different carbohydrates were used for identification. Th ey gave different fermentation patterns when they were compared. The patterns are showed in Table 3.Resistance to acidic pHBeing resistant to low pH is one of the major selection criteria for probiotic strains17-18. Since, to reach the small intestine they have to pass through from the stressful conditions of stomach19. Although in the stomach, pH can be as low as 1.0, in most in vitro assays pH 3.0 has been preferred. Due to the fact that a significant decrease in the viability of strains is often observed at pH 2.0 and below20. Sudden decrease in the survival rate of the isolate has been observed at pH 2. At the threesome hour the survival rate reduced below 5%. At pH3 more than 10% survival has been observed after 3 hours of incubation.Tolerance against BileThe isolate was screened for its ability to tolerate the bile salt. Although the bile concentration of the human gastrointestinal tract varies, the mean intestinal bile concentration is believed to be 0.3% w/v and the stayin g time is suggested to be 4 h. arrive at was screened for 3 hours in 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% of bile salt for its survival. The cfu values were observed. According to the results the isolate was resistant to 0.3% and 0.5% bile salt. Whereas sudden fall in the number of survival organisms has been observed at 1.00% bile. The survival rate reached to 5% at the end of 3 hours of incubation at 1.00% of bile.Tolerance to Gastric JuiceThe course of gastric juice resistance exhibited by isolate was determined and results (Figure 4) showed that 75% of survival has been observed in gastric juice at pH 3 for 1.5 hours of incubation, whereas at pH2 the survival rate was 30% for 1.5 hours of incubation. But at 3 hours of incubation the survival rate at pH 3 reached to Tolerance to Intestinal JuiceThe isolate was tested for its ability to grow in intestinal juice. It appears that the strain exhibited good resistance to intestinal juice at pH 8 for four hours of growth (Figure 5). Good multiplicati on of all the isolates has been pitch at 6th hour of incubation.AggregationOn the basis of alluviation characteristics aggregation capability of the isolate was tested. L. casei has exhibited good amount of aggregation during the test time of 5 hours (Figure 5).Co-aggregationThe co-aggregations of L. casei with five pathogenic bacteria were examined. Results were expressed as the percentage reduction after 5 h in the absorbance of a mixed suspension compared with the individual suspension. Good co-aggregation of L. casei with S. aureus has been seen. There was no co-aggregation amid L. casei and B. subtilis. 2-6% of co-aggregation has been seen with E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa (Figure 6).Antibiotic Sensitivity testThe determination of antibiotic sensitivity of the isolate is an important prerequisite prior to considering it safe for human and animal consumption. The isolate was subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test. The results are given in Table 4. The isolate was resistant to most of the antibiotics used. According to earlier reports, specific antibiotic resistance traits among probiotic strains may be desirable21. It has been said by many authors that probiotics should be resistant to certain antibiotics when used along with antibiotics to prevent gastrointestinal disorders. Whereas others claim that antibiotics resistant probiotics used may serve as host of antibiotic resistance genes, which can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria.Antimicrobial Activity TestAntimicrobial activity helps to select the potential probiotics strains. Antimicrobial activity usually targets the intestinal pathogens. The isolate was examined for antibacterial activity. L. casei was grown with indicator microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial effect on the indicator microorganisms was determined by diameter of inhibition zones. Lactobacilli casei has a high ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The degree of inhibition was highest in S. aureus, whereas the inhibition was moderate in E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa. The isolate could not inhibit the growth of spore forming B. subtilis.ConclusionLactobacillus casei has shown good survival in acidic pH, different bile concentrations, gastric juice and intestinal juice. The organism exhibited good survival in the presence of different antibiotics. The isolate is also able to inhibit the growth of different pathogenic microorganisms examined. All these characteristics of the organism will help it to survive in the stomach and proliferate in the intestine. This will help strains to reach the small intestine and colon and contribute to the balance of intestinal microflora.